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From page 552...
... XV EARTH S A T E L L I T E PROGRAM E x p l o r e r I V l a u n c h e d f rom Cape Kennedy D u r i n g t h e I G Y
From page 553...
... EARTH S A T E L L I T E PROGRAM Page A O r g a n i z a t i o n o f T e c h n i c a l P a n e l on E a r t h S a t e l l i t e Program 553 B
From page 554...
... XV. EARTH S A T E L L I T E PROGRAM A O r g a n i z a t i o n o f T e c h n i c a l P a n e l on E a r t h S a t e l l i t e P r o g r a m 1 E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e P a n e l F o l l o w i n g a d o p t i o n o f a r e s o l u t i o n c a l l i n g f o r geop h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h s c i e n t i f i c e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s a t t h e l l i r d R e u n i o n o f CSAGI, Rome, 1954, t h e U.S.
From page 555...
... EARTH S A T E L L I T E 3 P a n e l M e e t i n g s . T h e r e were twenty m e e t i n g s o f the P a n e l .
From page 556...
... EARTH SATELLITE ( i l l ) Department of Defense.
From page 557...
... EARTH SATELLITE c. Program of F l i g h t Experiments Using I n t e r n a l l y Instrumented S a t e l l i t e s .
From page 558...
... EARTH SATELLITE Flux of primary cosmic-ray n u c l e i , B a r t o l Research Foundation (Martin Pomerantz) and Research I n s t i t u t e of Advanced Studies (Gerhart Groetzinger)
From page 559...
... EARTH SATELLITE Once placed i n o r b i t , the s a t e l l i t e becomes m e f f e c t a c e l e s t i a l body and as such the f i r s t problem i s i t s a c q u i s i t i o n by i n i t i a l observations not only to e s t a b l i s h I t s c e l e s t i a l existence, but to provide data f o r p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s of i t s orb i t i n order that ephemerides may be made. These p r e d i c t i o n s would permit the f u l l concentration of ground s t a t i o n s on a c q u i s i t i o n of the s a t e l l i t e and more precise orb i t a l determinations, and the subsequent a c q u i s i t i o n of more extensive data on the basis of which the above studies can be conducted.
From page 560...
... EARTH SATELLITE The Department of the Army established and operated the s t a t i o n s i n Georgia, USA, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba and two st a t i o n s i n Chile, providing teams to operate the M i n i t r a c k and telemetering equipment plus the communications equipment. The Inter-American Geodetic Survey assisted i n the operation of the s t a t i o n s i n most of the L a t i n American countries.
From page 562...
... EARTH SATELLITE 6. Budget.
From page 563...
... EARTH SATELLITE f i r s t stage was a modified Redstone l i q u i d p r o pellant rocket approximately 56 feet long and 5 feet i n diameter. The nose-section assembly, separable from the c a r r i e r v e h i c l e , was 12-5/12 feet i n length.
From page 564...
... EARTH SATELLITE w i t h an i n i t i a l release i n January 1956 on the f i r s t proposed U.S. s a t e l l i t e launching, s a t e l l i t e i n formation has from time to time been generally released to the press and s c i e n t i f i c p u b l i c by the USNC-IGY.
From page 565...
... EARTH SATELLITE ( i i ) Advanced S a t e l l i t e Experiments.
From page 566...
... EARTH SATELLITE C Project Objectives and Results 1.
From page 567...
... EARTH SATELLITE Table I I - IGY S a t e l l i t e s Name Explorer I 1958 Alpha Experiments Cosmic rays (32.1)
From page 568...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 30.3 - I n i t i a l Development of O p t i c a l Tracking System 1. Objectives.
From page 569...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 30.5 - O p t i c a l Tracking System, I n i t i a t i o n 1. Objectives.
From page 570...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 30.6, 30.8 - Establishment and Operation of O p t i c a l Tracking Stations 1. Objectives.
From page 571...
... EARTH SATELLITE the wide range. The i n d i v i d u a l observations were c o l l e c t e d at SAO and formed the basis f o r the computation of o r b i t a l elements, from which s t a t i o n p r e d i c t i o n s could r e a d i l y be derived, and f o r p r e c i s i o n o r b i t s used i n basic research such as the d e r i v a t i o n of atmospheric properties and other geophysical r e s u l t s (see p r o j e c t 30.10 f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s )
From page 572...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 30.9 - Visual Observing Program - Moonwatch 1. Objectives.
From page 573...
... EARTH SATELLITE of Vanguard I ) which had been " l o s t .
From page 574...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 30.10 - O p t i c a l Tracking Data Reduction, Analysis and Headquarters Operation 1. Obiectives.
From page 576...
... EARTH SATELLITE K.G. Henize, J.A.
From page 577...
... EARTH SATELLITE C.A. Whitney and G.F.
From page 579...
... EARTH SATELLITE L.G. J a c c h i a - "A Working Model f o r the Upper Atmosphere." N a t u r e , v o l .
From page 581...
... EARTH SATELLITE T.E. Ste r n e " A n a l y t i c a l O r b i t s o f Close S a t e l l i t e s o f O b l a t e P l a n e t s .
From page 582...
... EARTH SATELLITE F.L. Whipple, R.J.
From page 583...
... EARTH SATELLITE R.E. B r i g g s - "Program o f Spot P r e d i c t i o n s f o r S p e c i f i c O b s e r v i n g S i t e s , APO Ephemeris T h r e e " - - l l ( 2 3 )
From page 584...
... EARTH SATELLITE "A Theory o f S a t e l l i t e M o t i o n About an Obl a t e P l a n e t I . A Second-order S o l u t i o n o f V i n t i ' s Dynamic Problem" -- SCA 6 (81)
From page 585...
... EARTH SATELLITE "Catalogue o f S a t e l l i t e O b s e r v a t i o n s , No.
From page 586...
... EARTH SATELLITE G V e i s : "The D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A b s o l u t e D i r e c t i o n s m Space w i t h A r t i f i c i a l S a t e l l i t e s " - - 1 3 3 .
From page 587...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 30.12 - A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Costs o f O p t i c a l T r a c k i n g Program 1.
From page 588...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 30.21 - V o l u n t e e r S a t e l l i t e T r a c k i n g Programs: P h o t o t r a c k and Moonbeam 1.
From page 589...
... EARTH SATELLITE s i m p l e s t manual t e c h n i q u e c o n t i n u e s today t o be the one recommended f o r f i x e d - c a m e r a o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h lenses o f 7" f o c a l l e n g t h o r l e s s . D u r i n g t h e IGY v a r i o u s forms o f i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r more e l a b o r a t e f i x e d cameras, such as the 12" f/2.5 and the 36" f/6.3 were developed and d i s s e m i n a t e d i n b u l l e t i n form.
From page 590...
... EARTH SATELLITE ICONVERTERI COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVER r L METER Simple Mark I I Advanced Mark I I F i g u r e 2. Mark I I M i n i t r a c k Systems TWOANTENNA INTEHfETOMETER ilTELEMETERINGI | I
From page 591...
... EARTH SATELLITE ambiguities associated w i t h volunteer observations made w i t h M i n i t r a c k Mark I I systems were considered to be resolvable by the s a t e l l i t e computing centers by reference to prime M i n i t r a c k data. Some volunteer s t a t i o n s advanced to dual base-line experiments, although none attempted the advanced setup ( i n Fig.
From page 592...
... EARTH SATELLITE "Minit r a c k S t a t i o n of the Sohio Moonbeam Group." QST.
From page 593...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 31.1 - Procurement of S a t e l l i t e Launching Vehicles 1. Ob.iectives.
From page 594...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.1 - Cosnac-Ray Observations 1. Obiectives.
From page 595...
... EARTH SATELLITE counting rates were p l o t t e d w i t h reference to the geomagnetic f i e l d , i t was seen that a " r a d i a t i o n zone" was present, r e l a t e d to the l i n e s of force of the geomagnetic f i e l d . Figure 4 shows the observed and extrapolated contours.
From page 596...
... EARTH SATELLITE UWNETIC / , MIS '• I I 10.000 1000 V 100 8 I / ; / / I I I I I Figure 4. Radiation Contours Derived from Explorers I , I I I , I v GEOMAGNETIC AXIS 100 100 Figure 5.
From page 597...
... EARTH SATELLITE 6. Bibliography.
From page 598...
... EARTH SATELLITE G.H. Ludwig: "Cosmic Ray Instrumentation m the F i r s t U.S.
From page 599...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.2 - Meteoric Erosion and E l e c t r i c Charge of a S a t e l l i t e 1. Objectives.
From page 600...
... EARTH SATELLITE 3. Personnel.
From page 601...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.3 - Extreme U l t r a v i o l e t Solar Radiation 1. Ob.iectives.
From page 602...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.4 - Measurement of I n t e r p l a n e t a r y Matter from Earth S a t e l l i t e s 1 Objectives. This work at the Geophysics Research D i r e c t o r a t e , AFCRL, involved the determination of the q u a n t i t y of the dust component of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y matter intercepted by the s a t e l l i t e s , the s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h i s i n t e r p l a n e t a r y dust, and the e f f e c t of t h i s matter on s a t e l l i t e surfaces.
From page 603...
... EARTH SATELLITE of meteors, i t i s estimated that up to 10^ kg/day of cosmic matter may be accreted by the e n t i r e e a r t h , and the i n t e r p l a n e t a r y density may be of the order of 10'^^ gm/cm'. The experiment on Pioneer I c a r r i e d s i m i l a r equipment but w i t h an extra channel to detect larger p a r t i c l e s .
From page 604...
... EARTH SATELLITE FLUX WITHOUT "SHOWER" COMPONENT FLUX OF "SHOWER" COMPONENT S 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME IN HOURS Figure 6. Diurnal Variation of Meteoritic Impacts on Alpha 1958 603
From page 605...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.5 Meteorological Measurements from an Earth S a t e l l i t e 1 Objectives. This p r o j e c t undertaken at the U
From page 607...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.6 - Electron Densities i n the Atmosphere 1. Ob.iectives.
From page 608...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.7 S a t e l l i t e Environmental Measurements 1. Objectives.
From page 609...
... EARTH SATELLITE b. Pressure.
From page 610...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.8 - Lyman-Alpha and X rays 1. Obiectives.
From page 611...
... EARTH SATELLITE s a t e l l i t e signals c l e a r l y showed an increase i n the i n t e n s i t y of solar X rays. One minute l a t e r , the sun began to emit a strong radio-noise burst at 2800 Mc.
From page 612...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.9 - S a t e l l i t e Geomagnetic Measurements 1. Objectives.
From page 613...
... EARTH SATELLITE perigee of 510 km. The geomagnetic l a t i t u d e range covered was + 45°.
From page 614...
... EARTH SATELLITE 4 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 £ 2 5 0 0 o> 'Si E o X 2 0 0 0 I 5 0 0 I 0 0 0 500 1 1 1 1 1 JENSEN FINCH a LEATON a WHITAKER ~ COEFFICIENTS • 'COEFFICIENTS Ftom U S IM H 0 .Qharts •• •*
From page 615...
... EARTH SATELLITE the data and t h i s new c o e f f i c i e n t set could not be appreciably improved w i t h higher harmonics. I n the set of 2872 data p o i n t s , i n c l u d i n g points taken during magnetic storms, only 7 give a d e v i a t i o n over 100 gamma from the computed values and 2 of these are from the South A f r i c a n area where the f i t i s poor owing to sparse data.
From page 616...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.10 - Measurement of Cosmic L i g h t and Radiation from a S a t e l l i t e 1. Ob.iectives.
From page 617...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.11 S a t e l l i t e Measurement of the Earth's Radiation Balance 1. Objectives.
From page 618...
... EARTH SATELLITE The perigee a l t i t u d e of 560 km means that the experiment was above the F2 layer during the day and above the F layer a t n i g h t . The low frequency of telemetry accounted f o r considerable ionospheric e f f e c t i n reception of the s i g n a l .
From page 619...
... EARTH SATELLITE Figure 9a. Long Wave Radiation Loss in Cal/cm^in, December 2, 1959 Figure 9b.
From page 620...
... EARTH SATELLITE 0 Figure 10a. Long Wave Radiation Loss in Cal/cm^ min, A p r i l 4, 1959.
From page 621...
... EARTH SATELLITE Of f a r greater importance to meteorology than the loss of r a d i a t i o n from the top of the atmosphere i s the v e r t i c a l divergence of net longwave r a d i a t i o n w i t h i n the atmosphere. The magnitude of t h i s term determines whether or not the atmosphere i s heating or cooling.
From page 622...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.12 Determination of Flux of Heavy Primary Cosmic-Ray Nuclei 1. Objectives.
From page 623...
... EARTH SATELLITE 3000 2000 3 O 1000 - \ H 3 o o UJ 500 A 300 200 100 1 1 1 1 1 -- I I I Explorer VII Heavy Primary Cosmic R a y s , Z > 6 Feb 1-14, I 9 6 0 N(>E) = k E " ' ' • - 10 Average i J I l _ l I I -- L I 2 3 4 5 10 E - T o t a l E n e r g y - G e v / n u c l e o n Figure 11.
From page 624...
... EARTH SATELLITE corresponding geomagnetic c u t o f f energies were computed on the basis of the conven t i o n a l centered dipole approximation. Figure 11 shows a t y p i c a l p l o t of the res u l t i n g i n t e g r a l energy spectrum expressed i n the form N ( >E)
From page 625...
... EARTH SATELLITE Martin A Pomerantz and Louis Witten.
From page 626...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.30 Special Equipment and Engineering Services f o r S c i e n t i f i c Experiments 1 Obiectives. This p r o j e c t at the Naval Research Laboratory provided f o r design and construction of s a t e l l i t e s h e l l s and i n t e r n a l framework, design and c o n s t r u c t i o n , as w e l l as t e s t i n g and modifying, of i n t e r n a l instrument packages and Mmitrack telemeter t r a n s m i t t e r s and command receivers, s o l u t i o n of temperature c o n t r o l problems of each s a t e l l i t e system, v i b r a t i o n t e s t i n g and c o n t r o l , dynamic balancing of the s a t e l l i t e s , p r o v i s i o n f o r c o n t r o l of s a t e l l i t e spin, s a t e l l i t e separation, pr o v i s i o n of telemeter records during s a t e l l i t e preparation and f l i g h t , and other special services at ground s t a t i o n s during s a t e l l i t e f l i g h t s .
From page 627...
... EARTH SATELLITE b. S a t e l l i t e Testing.
From page 628...
... EARTH SATELLITE b. Published Papers R
From page 629...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.31 S a t e l l i t e Equipment and Engineering Services 1. Objectives.
From page 630...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.32 Micrometeor Detection 1. Objectives.
From page 631...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.40 Radio Interferometry and Data Analysis 1. Objectives.
From page 632...
... EARTH SATELLITE 5. Results.
From page 633...
... EARTH SATELLITE 6. Bibliography.
From page 634...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.41 - Interferometer and Doppler Measurements of S a t e l l i t e Radio Transmissions 1. Objectives.
From page 635...
... EARTH SATELLITE 5. Results.
From page 636...
... EARTH SATELLITE b. Published Papers R
From page 637...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.42 Auroral Ionosphere Studies In v o l v i n g S a t e l l i t e Radio Transmission 1. Objectives.
From page 638...
... EARTH SATELLITE At the l a t i t u d e of College, s a t e l l i t e 1958 Delta I I t r a v e l l e d approximately i n a west-east d i r e c t i o n during passes which were close to overhead. Under these co n d i t i o n s , i t could be shown th a t the time i n t e r v a l between successive zeros on a record showing Faraday r o t a t i o n becomes constant, and i s simply r e l a t e d to the s a t e l l i t e height and v e l o c i t y , and to the integrated e l e c t r o n density along the l i n e of s i g h t .
From page 639...
... EARTH SATELLITE from West to east. From simple geometry i t can be shown th a t i f F i s the height of the s a t e l l i t e , h the height of the absorbing cloud, L the separation between the s t a t i o n s , and V the v e l o c i t y of the s a t e l l i t e , then the time separation T m the appearance of the absorption i s given by H - h = VT h L At t h i s time the s a t e l l i t e was close to apogee (about 1250 km)
From page 640...
... EARTH SATELLITE e. Spurious absorption of the s i g n a l - Instances have occurred of sudden, b r i e f loss of s i g n a l strength.
From page 641...
... EARTH SATELLITE 1 . Observations of Explorer V I I .
From page 642...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.43 Electron Density and Radio Propagation Studies U t i l i z i n g S a t e l l i t e Transmissions 1. Objectives.
From page 643...
... EARTH SATELLITE 3. Personnel.
From page 644...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.44 S a t e l l i t e Doppler Measurements from Spaced Locations 1. Objectives.
From page 645...
... EARTH SATELLITE between two and four passes recorded each day, of average du r a t i o n about 10 minutes, g i v i n g about 120 hours pass time on tape, and some 700-800 pass records. Analysis procedures were established experimentally e a r l y i n 1959 and were i n r e l i a b l e operation by about A p r i l 1959.
From page 646...
... EARTH SATELLITE -TIME I SECOND CHANNELS CHANNEL 5 CHANNEL 4 CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL I m '7/ fc-y*
From page 649...
... EARTH SATELLITE Using the scale f a c t o r , and applying ionospheric theory, i t was calculated t h a t the average e l e c t r o n density up to the height of the s a t e l l i t e (790 km) was 1.1.10l2/ni-^ and the columnar density to t h i s height These f i g u r e s are estimated to be accurate probably to about 10%.
From page 650...
... EARTH SATELLITE W J, Ross, "Ionospheric I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Using S a t e l l i t e Radio Observations.
From page 651...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.46 Absolute Signal Strength and Frequency Measurements 1. Objectives.
From page 652...
... EARTH SATELLITE _60_ \ AlfOGEE PERIG Figure 16. Geographical distribution of subsatellite position when signal received February 13-15, 1959, UT Figure 17.
From page 653...
... EARTH SATELLITE The frequency reduction of the received 20 Mc data showed s i g n i f i c a n t i r r e g u l a r , but o f t e n smooth, deviations from the predicted Doppler curves based on the known o r b i t a l geometry and free-space l i n e - o f - s i g h t propagation. These deviations were too large i n magnitude and too i r r e g u l a r i n nature to be counted f o r by changes m propagation conditions, e i t h e r a t the s a t e l l i t e p o s i t i o n or along a l i n e - o f - s i g h t path, caused by a r e g u l a r l y s t r a t i f i e d ionosphere.
From page 654...
... EARTH SATELLITE Project 32.47 - Electron Density P r o f i l e s From lonograms 1. Obiectives.
From page 656...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 32.48 - Po l a r S a t e l l i t e Propagation Measurements 1.
From page 657...
... EARTH SATELLITE b. S i g n a l Duration.
From page 658...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 33.1 Radio T r a c k i n g Equipment and Operations 1.
From page 659...
... EARTH SATELLITE 5. Bibliography.
From page 660...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 33.2 Radio T r a c k i n g - O r b i t Computations and Data A n a l y s i s 1 O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s p r o j e c t a t the Naval Research Laboratory ( l a t e r t r a n s f e r r e d to NASA)
From page 661...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 34.1 - S c i e n t i f i c Telemetering and S a t e l l i t e Instrumentation 1.
From page 662...
... EARTH SATELLITE P r o j e c t 34.2 Telemetry Recording and T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e 1.

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