Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year July 1, 1957 - December 31, 1958 (1965) / Chapter Skim
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XVI INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROGRAM I n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y Research
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROGRAM Page Organization of the Committee 665 Summary of Committee A c t i o n s 665 P r o j e c t O b j e c t i v e s and R e s u l t s 665 20.1 A n a l y s i s of G r a v i t y Observations 666 20.2 C r u s t a l S t r u c t u r e Determinations Using G r a v i t y and Seismic T r a v e l Time Measurements 670 20.3 Study of Marine Seismic Data 673 20.4 Study of Long P e r i o d & Extensometer Data 677 20.5 A n a l y t i c a l Studies of C r u s t a l S t r u c t u r e 678 20.6 A n a l y s i s of IGY A r c t i c , A n t a r c t i c , and P a c i f i c Records 679 20.7 A n a l y s i s of IGY Land & Sea G r a v i t y & Seismic Data 682 21.1 A n a l y s i s of CO2 Data 686 21.2 T h e o r e t i c a l Study of Ozone Data 688 21.3 A n t a r c t i c Atmospheric-Oceanographic-Glaciologic I n t e r a c t i o n s .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 20.1 - A n a l y s i s of G r a v i t y Observations 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The d i s c o v e r y that most of the land s u r f a c e under the i c e of West A n t a r c t i c a l i e s w e l l below sea l e v e l has made i t of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to estimate c r u s t a l t h i c k ness i n the a r e a . T h i s has been done by u s i n g e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n s which r e l a t e the e l e v a t i o n of the Mohorovicic d i s c o n t i n u i t y (M)
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH g r a v i t y v a l u e s determined by other i n v e s t i g a t o r s , both a t the pendulum bases and a t other bases throughout the world, i n d i c a t e that most such gravimeter work i s good i f d i f f e r e n c e s i n c a l i b r a t i o n standards are taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h i s a p p l i e s to work done w i t h gravimeters having a high and v a r i a b l e d r i f t r a t e as w e l l as that done with ' d r i f t l e s s ' meters.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 20.2 - C r u s t a l S t r u c t u r e Determinations Using G r a v i t y and Seismic T r a v e l Time Measurements 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH d i s c o n t i n u i t y represented by a v e l o c i t y of 8.11 km/sec. Over the eastern p o r t i o n , a sub-M layer w i t h a v e l o c i t y of 9.05 km/sec was characterized at depths ranging from 15 t o 20 km below the M horizon.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH R,P. Meyer, John Ste i n h a r t , CP.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 20.3 - Study of Marine Seismic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AVERAGE FOR CONTINENTS AND OCEANS P A C I F I C AVERAGE DEPTK HICKNESSJ 3000 Km 2000 1000 CREST Figure 3. Crustal section and heat flow p r o f i l e s of the East P a c i f i c Rise.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 4. BiblioRraphy.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 20.4 - Study of Long Period and Extensometer Data 1. Obiectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 20.5 - A n a l y t i c a l Studies of Crust a l Structure 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 20.6 - Analysis of IGY A r c t i c , A n t a r c t i c , and P a c i f i c Records 1. Obiectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The only two earthquakes observed w i t h a re g i o n a l character were reported a t Byrd S t a t i o n on July 18 and September 4, 1957. The data obtained were i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n of r e l i a b l e epicenters, but the phase increments f o r both are i n agreement w i t h a l o c a t i o n i n the v i c i n i t y of Mt.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 5. Bibliography.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 20.7 - Analysis of IGY Land and Sea Gravity and Seismic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH the e x i s t e n c e of the low v e l o c i t y channel w i t h i n the upper mantle and to i t s d e l i n e a t i o n i n some d e t a i l beneath the c o n t i n e n t s and oceans. D i f f e r e n c e s i n the mantle beneath the continents and oceans were dis c o v e r e d .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH J Brune "Radiation Pattern of Rayleigh Waves from the S.E.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH J Brune, J.E.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.1 - Analysis of CO2 Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 315 CO2 CONG (p-pm)
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.2 - Theo r e t i c a l Study of Ozone Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 4. Bibliography.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.3 - A n t a r c t i c Atmospheric-Oceanographic-Glaciologic I n t e r a c t i o n s 1. Objectives.
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D I S C O V E R Y 382-387 OB 461 -468 62 61 60 S 9 98 3 7 S6°S-L«L D382 D383 D384 D385 D386 D387 ON V E L O C I T I E S In ^^/s H A T C H E D A R E A FLOW TO T H E WEST 62 61 60 S9 58 57 56 5 5 ° S Lat Figure 6. Oceanographic sections through the Drake Passage.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH b. Temperature Changes on Day-to-Day and Monthly Mean Basis to Determine Relative Roles of Radiation.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 100 " 1 \ 1 / I I I 400 +1 u 700 800 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 24 JUNE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 GREENWICH DATE AND TIME Figure 7. Rate of change of m.v.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH On a gross scale the albedo of the surface along 120°W from the North Pole to 74°N ranges from 40 to 52%. I f the average ice cover i s assumed to be 8.5 tenths and the puddle coverage three-tenths, the average albedo i s 46%.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH U 300 ICE SHELF GROWTH FOR a =0, 10 and 20 cm yr-i YEARS Figure 9. Ice Shelf Growth f o r Various Accretion Rates.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH however, seems to c o n t r a d i c t the apparent increase of i c e . The thermal expansion of the oceanic column caused by " c l i m a t i c " warming of the oceans has been invoked to r e solve the c o n t r a d i c t i o n .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.4 - Polar Stratosphere Structure, C i r c u l a t i o n and Ozone D i s t r i b u t i o n 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH +20 +to G P M 0 - t o 90» 85" + 3 0 +20 +10 G P M - 1 0 - 2 0 A FO I LATITUI Sff" 75*
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH atmosphere was +1.8°C/24 hr., while the t o t a l change i n temperature was +0.4°C/24 hr. The f o l l o w i n g conclusions may be drawn about the October warming; the day-to-day and other short period warming i s l a r g e l y the d i r e c t r e s u l t of advection, w i t h adiabatic temperature changes of the same order of magnitude compensating f o r most, but not a l l , of the advective warming both on a short period and on a monthly basis.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH winds (on the order of 200 k t .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Figure 14.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.5 - Analysis of IGY Oceanographic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JULY 1957 J4N 1958 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ATTU r\ ADAK f-s KODIAK SITKA CRESCENT CITY SAN FRANCISCO 270H Figure 15. Sea l e v e l i n centimeters ( s o l i d l i n e s )
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH i n phase, the differences between these two periods are more pronounced than i n the e q u i n o c t i a l periods. Some of the features noted from t h i s analysis may probably be a s c r i b e d to inadequacies of data, and the use of some data t h a t are not t r u l y synoptic; some of the discrepancies found, however, between heights of sea l e v e l a c t u a l l y observed and the i s o s t a t i c o s c i l l a t i o n , are more probably due t o n o n i s o s t a t i c changes that are r e l a t e d , f o r example, to currents and wind s t r e s s .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH and favorable meteorologic system had i n f a c t been observed. This defines now the source region of the southern sw e l l which plays such an a c t i v e r o l e i n modelling the beaches of C a l i f o r n i a , Hawaii, and many other areas.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The P a c i f i c Equatorial Countercurrent flows eastward a few hundred miles north of the equator, separating the westward flowing North and South Equatorial Currents. I t i s r e l a t i v e l y narrow - 300-500 km wide and, as part of the wind-driven c i r c u l a t i o n , i s accounted f o r m the various theories of wind-driven oceanic c i r c u l a t i o n .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Wil l i a m R Riedel: "Oligocene and Lower Miocene Radiolaria i n T r o p i c a l P a c i f i c Sediments." Micropaleontology.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH SECTION SS S9 H6 S4 SECTION II( SECTIONS! SZ9 S24 H3I S23 S22 0 SECTION Hftf SECTION IV H42 H4I H36 H38 H99 Figure 17.
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-20 20 VELOCITY (cm/sec) 40 60 80 100 120 MO 200k 300k 400k 500K r CL i L l o 700k 800U 900U lOOOU nook Figure 18.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.6 - Analysis of IGY Oceanographic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Y.R. Nayudu and Betty J
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.7 - Analysis of IGY Oceanographic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Diurnal data obtained over the calcareous deposits i n Batabano Bay are very dramatic as shown i n Figure 19. These data show a marked d i u r n a l cycle of PCO2, as measured by the d i r e c t CO2 method, but no such changes are observed f o r the computed values.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TABLE I I I Concentration of Cu, Zn, and Fe i n the Ocean as Determined by Spectrophotometric Methods*
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.8 - Analysis of IGY Oceanographic Data 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ( i i ) F u l l p r o f i l e s f o r the three T r a n s a t l a n t i c s e c t i o n s , g i v i n g .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21.9 - A n a l y s i s of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Data 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Seismic s t u d i e s c a r r i e d out from D r i f t i n g S t a t i o n Alpha, A r c t i c Ocean, r e v e a l e d d e t a i l s of a prominent submarine ridge which was named the Alpha R i s e . T h i s f e a t u r e trends a c r o s s the A r c t i c Ocean approximately p a r a l l e l to the Lomonosov Ridge, the minimum depth over the r i s e i s 1426 m, i n c r e a s i n g to over 3000 m to the north and south.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH appears towards the South i n the l a y e r of minimum oxygen, around 1500 meters. F u r t h e r more, i t s flow i s d i s t u r b e d by a complex system of r i d g e s .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21.10 - P o l a r Vortex Studies 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH d. The disturbance f i n a l l y becomes very l a r g e , extending over a t l e a s t 50° l a t i tude.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH J.R. B a l l i f - "A Note on the Paper by C.E.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21.11 - A n a l y s i s of Blue G l a c i e r Micrometeorological Records 1.
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From page 727... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 4, Bibliography, E, LaChapelle: "Recent G l a c i e r V a r i a t i o n s i n Western Washington." a t the F o r t y - f i r s t Ann. Meeting, AGU, A p r i l 1960, Washington, D.C.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21,12 - A n t a r c t i c I c e Accumulation Study 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH W.W. V i c k e r s : "The Use of S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s i n the T r a c i n g of F i r n L a yers i n A n t a r c t i c a .
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From page 730... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21.13 - A n a l y s i s of A n t a r c t i c Micrometeorological Data 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 10 lUN 10 lUN miAv F i g u r e 23, R i versus height f or i n d i c a t e d R i ' , Bs> Alogai-AloflA9 F i g u r e 24. South Pole - Bv and Be versus height for i n d i c a t e d R i ' .
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From page 732... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH s t a b l e c a s e s , Pv, decreased w i t h height. However, ^ does not become zero but, even w i t h great s t a b i l i t y , goes only to approximately 0.25 and then r e c u r v e s .
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From page 733... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH only p a r t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to the v e r t i c a l temperature g r a d i e n t . Heat storage curves as part of the c a l c u l a t i o n of the heat budget f o r the South Pole are c u r r e n t l y being e v a l uated.
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From page 734... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 21.14 - A n a l y s i s of Heat Budget Data of S t a t i o n Alpha 1.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH May-August the upper boundary received 8.3 kcal/cm2, while during the period SeptemberA p r i l 12.8 kcal/cm2 were transmitted t o the atmosphere. Considerable disagreement was found i n comparison w i t h Soviet r e s u l t s w i t h respect to the amounts of heat involved i n evaporation and i n changes of ice temperature (heat reserve)
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From page 736... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH n a t u r a l l y or be produced by pumping water across an a r t i f i c i a l b a r r i e r a t Bering S t r a i t s . I t may be somewhat obvious t h a t the ice f l o e s w i l l approach some l i m i t i n g thickness which depends on the net heat flow out the top and i n a t the bottom.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 21.15 - Analysis of G l a c i a l Geological Data from Spitsbergen 1. Objectives.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH W Blake, J r .
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From page 739... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.1 - Ionospheric Dynamics 1. Objectives.
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From page 740... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH E.H. Vestine: "Polar A u r o r a l , Geomagnetic, and Ionospheric Disturbances." JGR, v o l .
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From page 741... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.2 - Analysis of Solar Phenomena and Radio Noise 1. Objectives.
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From page 742... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Lic h t e n s t e i n considered two very d i f f e r e n t observed SCNA's and f i t t e d t h e o r e t i c a l curves to the observations. The f i r s t i s a t y p i c a l SCNA, which occurred October 13, 1958 a t 1640 UT (see F i g .
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 200Tlme, Minutes = 1* 00 seconds C a l c u l a t e d ^ a = I .
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From page 744... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.3 - Solar Flare Studies 1. Objectives.
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From page 745... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH e f f e c t of t h i s type continues i n world-wide f l a r e data through 1962 and necessitates special care i n the c o r r e l a t i o n of o p t i c a l f l a r e data w i t h other phenomena. A l l confirmed shortwave fades i n the summarizing tables of CRPL of NGS f o r the months of the IGY were compared w i t h concomitant solar a c t i v i t y .
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From page 746... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Helen W Dodson and E
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.4 - Study of Flare Spectra 1. Objectives.
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From page 748... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.5 - V a r i a t i o n of Cosmic Rays i n the Polar Regions 1. Objectives.
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From page 749... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 4. Bibliography, S.F.
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From page 750... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.6 - Analysis of IGY Data from Alaska 1. Objectives.
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From page 751... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH resolved the magnetic meridian from north to south along the length of the s i l t image. Intensity ratios were compared with those of synthetic spectra at the same 8A resolution calculated assuming Boltzman distributions at various excitation temperatures of vibration and rotation.
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From page 752... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The last two international cooperations, the F i r s t and Second Polar Years, advanced greatly our knowledge of the aurora. The IGY all-sky camera network provided, however, a far more systematic data towards understanding of the auroral morphology.
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From page 753... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH T.N. Davis: "Brief Descriptions of Auroral Displays over Alaska During 1957-58." U
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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH S.I. Akasofu: "Large-scale Auroral Motions and Polar Magnetic Disturbances^ I I .
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From page 755... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.7 - Theoretical Studies of Upper Atmosphere Data 1. Objectives.
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From page 756... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH d. During a year of scatter observations, daytime blanketing sporadic-E i r r e g u l a r i t i e s occurred at latitudes to either side of the magnetic equator, but were not present i n i t s immediate v i c i n i t y .
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From page 757... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Study of diurnal and seasonal occurrence yielded the following behavior for ten stations: a. f-type at Thule, Ellsworth and the South Pole occurs mostly i n winter ( t h i s being night-time m these areas)
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From page 758... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.8 - Analysis of IGY Upper Atmosphere Data 1. Objectives.
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From page 759... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.9 - Analysis of F Region Ionospheric Data 1. Objectives.
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From page 760... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH electron density are displaced i n a characteristic way as a function of magnetic dip angle. This i s known as the geomagnetic anomaly.
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From page 762... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.10 - Analysis of Ionospheric Backscatter Data 1. Objectives, This project at the Radio Science Laboratory, Stanford University, was designed to study the IGY data obtained by the network of backscatter sounders.
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From page 763... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH definite preference exists for Eg over mountains as compared with non-mountainous terr a i n , which cannot be explained by local site conditions ( i .
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From page 764... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.11 - A n a l y s i s of Synoptic Cosmic Ray Data 1.
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From page 765... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ray anisotropy and to the dip o l e and higher multipole geomagnetic f i e l d components. T h i s suggests t h a t , i n s o f a r as the immediate v i c i n i t y of the ear t h i s concerned, the e x t e r n a l geomagnetic f i e l d i s f a i r l y s a t i s f a c t o r i l y represented i n i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h cosmic r a y s by the m u l t i p o l e c o e f f i c i e n t s obtained by a n a l y z i n g the s u r f a c e f i e l d .
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From page 766... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Project 22.12 - Analysis of Line Island Geomagnetic Data 1. Objectives, The geomagnetic data from Jarvis, Palmyra and Fanning Islands were acquired for the purpose of studying the equatorial electrojet i n the central Pacific, and i t was the principal objective of this project to make such a study.
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From page 767... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH One f u r t h e r matter of i n t e r e s t to emerge from the s p e c t r a l s t u d i e s was that i n a l l cases power showed an I n v e r s e square dependence on frequency, w i t h m the range 3 min - 4 h r . T h i s r e s u l t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of i n t e g r a t e d white noise and might a r i s e , for example, from applying a white-noise emf to a predominantly i n d u c t i v e c i r c u i t , as the lonosphere/conducting-earth system probably i s .
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From page 768... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.13 - Study of E q u a t o r i a l Enhancement of T r a n s i e n t s and A c t i v i t y P a t t e r n s and Magnetic Storm Onsets a t Polar L a t i t u d e s 1.
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From page 769... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.14 - A n a l y s i s of B a l l o o n Data 1.
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From page 771... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.15 - A n a l y s i s of Synoptic Cosmic-Ray Data 1.
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From page 772... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH by which a small amount of matter can s t e a l , from a l a r g e r amount of matter, energy which I t s t o r e s up for the subsequent purpose of converting i t i n t o cosmic-ray energy for i t s nucleons, were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d and t h e o r e t i c a l models developed. Comparisons of experimental r e s u l t s w i t h the p r e d i c t i o n s of i n c r e a s i n g l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d c a l c u l a t i o n s of geomagnetic th r e s h o l d r i g i d i t i e s were conducted.
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From page 773... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.16 - Research m Solar and S o l a r - T e r r e s t r i a l Problems 1.
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From page 774... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 22.17 - Charged P a r t i c l e O r b i t s i n the Geomagnetic F i e l d 1.
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From page 775... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 23.1 - S p e c i a l Research Surveys by D i s t i n g u i s h e d S c i e n t i s t s from Abroad 1.
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From page 776... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH G D i e t r i c h , K i e l U n i v e r s i t y , K i e l , Germany Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Johns Hopkins U n i v e r s i t y Lamont G e o l o g i c a l Observatory New York U n i v e r s i t y S c r i p p s I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography State College of Oregon U
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From page 778... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH P r o j e c t 23.2 - V i s i t i n g S c i e n t i s t Program 1.
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From page 780... ...
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH I . Kondo, M
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