Radioactive Sources Applications and Alternative Technologies (2021) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 3-10
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technologies in the United States and internationally. The purpose of the study was to support existing and future activities under the National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security program to reduce the current use of high-risk radiological materials in these applications and promote alternative technologies.
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Finding 4: The less stringent security measures and lack of national and international tracking of Category 3 sources make them vulnerable to unauthorized transactions and theft. Finding 5: Recent modeling analyses of radiological events concluded that small radiation releases and small radiation exposures of populations below the levels that can cause deterministic effects may have serious and long-term socioeconomic consequences.
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Recommendation E: The National Nuclear Security Administration should prioritize funding of research and development projects that aim to develop alternatives to use of radioactive sources in applications where there are currently no acceptable nonradioisotopic alternative technologies. Finding 11: The most notable progress in adopting alternative technologies is the worldwide adoption of x-ray technologies for blood and research irradiation.
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Finding 15: No progress has been made domestically and internationally with adopting alternative technologies for calibration systems to replace cesium-137 and cobalt-60 sources. No obvious nonradioisotope alternatives exist for replacing the cesium chloride sources used in these applications, and no research and development is currently dedicated to exploring alternatives.
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From page 7... ...
out of radioactive treatment delivery; income countries; are affordable (Chapter 4) sources in high-income improved patient economic; and resilient to and many middle-income outcome; shorter infrastructure; and interruptions to the countries; increasing treatments resources in LMICs electric supply adoption in LMICs Cancer treatment -- Gamma-based Linac-based Increasing adoption in Treatment site Presumed lower Technologies aiming stereotactic radiosurgery radiosurgery radiosurgery high-income countries; versatility; lower setup accuracy; user to reduce setup (Chapter 4)
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to growing demand; revalidation compact linacs to (Chapter 5) scarcity of cobalt-60 reduce capital costs; availability; safety development of concerns and possible economical x-ray stricter regulation of sources EtO fumigation Food safety treatments Panoramic or other E-beam and x-ray Stagnant in the United Market needs Public acceptance; Development to (Chapter 5)
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From page 9... ...
eliminate cesium- as an application of less dispersible chloride from that needs to form of cesium-137; medical, research, be exempt from mean x-ray at 600 and commercial replacement efforts keV and higher applications Radioisotope Cobalt-60 None None None None thermoelectric generators for space Plutonium-238 in None None None Not recognized as a None applications pressed oxide form problem Strontium-90 None None None None NOTE: CIRP = Cesium Irradiator Replacement Project; e-beam = electron beam; EtO = ethylene oxide; HDR = high dose rate; keV = kiloelectron volts; linac = linear accelerator; LMIC = low- and middle-income country.
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