Planning the Future Space Weather Operations and Research Infrastructure Proceedings of a Workshop (2021) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
7 Other Infrastructure Issues
7 Other Infrastructure Issues
Pages 61-79
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 61... ...
Lautenbacher, GeoOptics, "Leveraging the Commercial Sector" Justin Kasper, Director of R&D at BWX Technologies, "Solar Wind Particle Measurements" Jerry Goldstein, Southwest Research Institute, "ENA and EUV Imaging" Robyn Millan, Dartmouth College, "Distributed LCAS, CubeSats" David Malaspina, University of Colorado, Boulder, "Fields and Waves Measurements" According to Baker and Spence, a well-conceived and well-executed space-based architecture is critically important for assuring a robust space weather program. Further, a diverse set of broadly positioned space-based assets provides not only valuable real-time situational awareness, but also ground truths for validation of space weather models.
|
From page 62... ...
for continuous observations geared primarily for monitoring than for scientific discovery. Future spacebased observational architectures can be optimized by the following: 1.
|
From page 63... ...
and international space weather scientific community to make recommendations that would improve the Phase 1 benchmarks, including identifying any outstanding gaps. IDA's Science and Technology Policy Institute released the Next Step Space Weather Benchmarks document in December 2019.3 The report was written by a 32-member panel of experts who had been divided into five working groups to assess Phase I benchmarks in the following areas: induced 2 "National Science and Technology Council, 2018, Space Weather Phase 1 Benchmarks: A Report by the Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation Subcommittee, Committee on Homeland and National Security, June, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Space-Weather-Phase-1-BenchmarksReport.pdf.
|
From page 64... ...
Comparing current commercial private-sector capabilities with the recommendations identified in the IDA Next Steps document, representatives at the workshop from the commercial sector thought it clear that the expertise present in multiple commercial sector companies could contribute to all five benchmark categories. Commercial space weather service companies provide value-added products and services to monitor and mitigate space weather hazards effecting multiple sectors.
|
From page 65... ...
activity gives a very short lead time before SEPs arrive at Earth, limiting current predictive capabilities for that aspect of space weather. Space-based in situ measurements of electric and magnetic fields in the solar wind form the backbone for quantitative space weather forecasts and are extensively used as model input.
|
From page 66... ...
, and several speakers at the workshop mentioned off-L1 and further upstream solar wind observations as a key future need. Moreover, to resolve the three-dimensional (3D)
|
From page 67... ...
SOURCE: Left: Robyn Millan, Dartmouth College, "Potential of Small Satellites for Space Weather," presentation to the workshop, September 10, 2020. Right: Daniel Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder, "Space Weather Observing Architecture: A Systems View," presentation to the workshop, September 10, 2020.
|
From page 68... ...
Companies that are part of ACSWA have programs that address ionospheric scintillation, ionosphere and thermosphere specification both by in situ and remote sensing technologies, and the different aspects related to radio wave propagation within and through the upper atmosphere. However, the observations are not necessarily well coordinated, nor are the data freely available to other potential users, which calls for a coordinated national public-private effort to fulfill the national needs as well for the government and academia as for the commercial actors.
|
From page 69... ...
GROUND-BASED ARCHITECTURE The "Ground-Based Architecture" session at the September workshop built on presentations and discussions begun at the June workshop. Participants emphasized that ground-based observations can and do contribute significantly to the suite of space weather products, spanning all regimes of the geospace environment, including critical measurements of solar properties, of the solar wind, of magnetospheric and ionospheric states, and finally of ground-based magnetic field perturbations (geomagnetically induced currents, or GICs)
|
From page 70... ...
However, the incorporation of ground-based instruments in future space weather architectures will require long-term funding commitments, a problem in need of a solution in the view of a number of participants. Ground-Based Solar and Solar Wind Observations Optical Solar Observations The current and potential next generation of the Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG and ngGONG)
|
From page 71... ...
Solar Radio Observations Radio observations of the sun are also important to space weather operations and research. In particular, solar radio bursts (SRBs)
|
From page 72... ...
Inouye Solar Telescope) , MLSO, and the Big Bear Solar Observatory provide optical and infrared solar imaging, and ngGONG will contribute solar magnetic field and additional synoptic imaging as described above, other types of ground-based installations can enhance currently available information.
|
From page 73... ...
. Networks of GNSS receivers measure global total electron content, and can be used to monitor global ionospheric changes following ionospheric storms.
|
From page 74... ...
A major focus of the Navy's Space Weather research is to obtain a better understanding of the bottom-side ionosphere and trans-ionospheric radio wave propagation and to improve now-casting and forecasting capabilities for HF-comm users. They are interested in obtaining a better characterization of the D and E layers, of traveling ionospheric disturbances, sporadic E, and equatorial spread F
|
From page 75... ...
Issues with Arctic sensing and communications and cis-lunar space indicate the need to work together to meet goals. New Technologies Although there is a wealth of information available in the merging of ground-based observations for operations and research of space weather events, drivers, and impacts, the use of data mining will further enhance understanding.
|
From page 76... ...
, "Model Validation and R2O" Gabor Toth, University of Michigan, "Transitioning Research Models" The "Architectural Framework Panel -- Supporting R&A" session at the September workshop examined the needs for both continuity and for defining the necessary next steps in research supporting the space weather goals.10 Decades of experience integrating both internal and external research results and developing forecast code at the NWS provide invaluable examples for the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) , which is now also under the NWS administrative and operations umbrella.
|
From page 77... ...
Over the last decade the solar and space physics community has been accumulating both long-term data sets, sometimes from disparate sources, as well as high temporal- and spatial-resolution data sets with large data storage requirements and major data transfer/manipulation demands from both hardware and software sides. The field of machine learning and how it can be applied to learn more about solar activity from previous patterns of behavior is an area ripe for development, and can significantly benefit future space weather services.
|
From page 78... ...
The model is driven by the "real-time" in situ solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field information from L1 spacecraft, which must adhere to certain criteria in format and cadence to be compatible with the model code. The developers worked with SWPC toward providing products that could be compared with metrics and well as contextual visualizations for model output evaluations.
|
From page 79... ...
a closer interaction between developers and forecasters, and, in particular, helping scientific model developers understand the requirements for producing and successfully transitioning research models into operational tools.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.