Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste (2022) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 17-30
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. Over the past decade, research on ocean plastic pollution has revealed that plastic waste is present in essentially almost every marine habitat, from the ocean surface (van Sebille et al.
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Society is grappling with the massive and increasing scale of global plastic waste: beach cleanups, local bans, extended producer responsibility schemes (Abbott and Sumaila 2019) , "circular economy" commitments (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2017)
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. Ocean plastic waste, plastic marine debris, plastic marine litter, and marine plastic pollution are collapsed for clarity and used interchangeably.
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SOURCES: Data from 1950 to 2015 from Geyer, Jambeck, and Law (2017) supplemental material; projected numbers from Ellen MacArthur Foundation's annual industry growth estimations (World Economic Forum, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, and McKinsey & Company 2016)
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; others are synthesized. Most synthetic plastic polymers today are derived from fossil hydrocarbons such as natural gas liquids or petroleum.
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. Orange County, California would add $137 million to recreational expenditures and the regional economy if it reduced marine debris to zero.
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United Statesa 42,027,215 320,818,436 13.1 323.1 130.09 United States 34,020,748 263,726,732 12.9 323.1 105.30 EU-28b 29,890,143 243,737,466 11.7 511.2 54.56 India 26,327,933 277,136,133 9.5 1,324.5 19.88 China 21,599,465 220,402,706 9.8 1,378.7 15.67 Brazil 10,675,989 79,081,401 13.5 206.2 51.78 Indonesia 9,128,000 65,200,000 14.0 261.6 34.90 Russian Federation 8,467,156 59,585,899 14.2 144.3 58.66 Germany 6,683,412 51,410,863 13.0 82.3 81.16 United Kingdom 6,471,650 32,037,871 20.2 65.6 98.66 Mexico 5,902,490 54,151,287 10.9 123.3 47.86 Japan 4,881,161 44,374,189 11.0 127.0 38.44 Thailand 4,796,494 27,268,302 17.6 69.0 69.54 Korea, Rep. 4,514,186 18,576,898 24.3 51.2 88.09 Italy 3,365,130 29,009,742 11.6 60.6 55.51 Egypt, Arab Rep.
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. Environmental and Human Health Impacts Exposure to the jarring, tragic images of iconic megafauna entangled in marine debris is, for many, their introduction to, and remains synonymous with, the ocean plastic waste problem.
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. Even in small quantities, these pollutants have serious consequences on human health, including increased heart disease risk; intensified respiratory illnesses such as asthma and emphysema; increased rashes, nausea, or headaches; and impaired nervous system (Verma et al.
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. Trophic transfer of microplastics through both juvenile and adult salmon predation on zooplankton containing plastics, for example krill and copepods, is estimated at up to 91 plastic particles daily (Desforges, Galbraith, and Ross 2015)
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contributions to global oceanic plastic waste. The study was sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Marine Debris Program.
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. Chapter 7 closes the report and provides intervention categories for how the United States might reduce global ocean plastic waste contributions (SOT 6)
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6. Recommend potential means to reduce United States contributions to global ocean plastic waste.
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