Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies Applications for Biology: Proceedings of a Workshop (2021) / Chapter Skim
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3 Quantum for Biology
3 Quantum for Biology
Pages 25-43
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NEW QUANTUM THEORY APPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGY Marlan Scully During this keynote address on the first day of the workshop, Scully delivered a presentation on quantum laser spectroscopy, COVID-19 applications, and superradiance. Laser Spectroscopy Scully engineered a laser spectroscopic technique, Femtosecond Adaptive Spectroscopic Technique for Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (FAST CARS)
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. COVID-19 Applications Scully and his collaborators developed an enhanced technique, Femtosecond Adaptive Spectroscopic Technique with Enhanced Resolution for Coherent AntiStokes Raman Scattering (FASTER CARS)
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. QUANTUM-ENABLED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDY Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Development, Technologies, Applications, and Challenges Elizabeth Villa Cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)
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In this technique, hundreds of thousands of structurally identical macromolecules are isolated, flash frozen in different spatial orientations on a monodispersed layer and photographed to create 3D reconstructions. Solving structures with this level of atomic resolution can improve understanding of biochemical processes and aid drug design.
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Addressing those challenges will enable researchers to examine the entire molecular landscape in cells, transforming structural cell biology, Villa said. EM Improvements, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities Karl K
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Electron optics such as mirrors, switches, and appropriate beam splitters are not widely available, and theoretical work around black-and-white versus grayscale approaches needs further development. Discussion Prineha Narang, Harvard University, moderated a discussion between attendees, Villa, and Berggren that addressed quantum-enabled EM and tracking coherence and cell interactions.
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In the initial stages, the resolution limitations will be challenging, but adding computing power and prior information will create SNR improvements and enable subangstrom resolution that could improve coherence. Cell Interactions When asked if the hierarchy of cell interactions was settled, Villa replied that exactly how electrons interact with biological matter is an open question with no consensus yet, for example, in the case of beam-induced motion.
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. Kumar said that key issues in the field include raster casting versus multimode image rendering, ghost imaging and its variants, quantum illumination, and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, which is unusual because it can go beyond unique quantum effects (Barzanjeh et al., 2015; Ferri et al., 2010; Lloyd, 2008; Padgett and Boyd, 2017; Shapiro, 2020; Shapiro and Boyd, 2012; Shih, 2008; Tsang, 2013)
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As Goodson noted, these include the high degree of correlation that can be leveraged to achieve enhanced sensitivity; entanglement transfer that could enable new material states; entangled photon pairs that could enable new dimensions to study, such as time, area, pathways, or dynamics; new molecular properties that could be activated and probed; and noise characteristics that can be improved. In addition, the lower number of photons needed to see quantum effects resolves past issues such as tissue transparency.
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Laurence's group is also pursuing ghost imaging, a technique where light being measured has never directly interacted with the object of interest, using correlations between entangled photon pairs and polarizations to produce an image. Ghost imaging produces the same images as classical means but could provide different observables with quantum measurements, higher resolution, and higher sensitivity.
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Kumar suggested using the low number of photon pairs in innovative ways, and Goodson supported this idea, noting that nonclassical light is still an emerging area. Berggren asked how relevant the transparency window is for entangled light, and Goodson replied that while the issue is still being investigated, it appears to be a trade-off between the molecule absorption and the number of photons.
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Hemmer pointed out that these and other sensors have potential for quantum-enhanced imaging applications (Kolesov et al., 2012) , but to use them to look for innate quantum effects in biological systems will require new protocols.
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Broadband Spectroscopies of Collective Dynamics Kim Lewis Scanning tunneling microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, electromigration, and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) are techniques to study electron transport and nanoscale junctions in order to build molecular electronics (i.e., electronic circuits that behave like conventional silicon devices)
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. New sequencing tools have contributed some insights, but O'Malley said that more imaging tools are needed to capture gut microbes' interactions and enable researchers to engineer microbial communities that create added value.
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He noted that intrinsic chromophores could be used in quantum reporting to examine local and distributed quantum effects across the brain and gut, which could have several implications for nutrition and disease. Applying ultrafast spectroscopy to biological systems is moving research to the femtoscale, elucidating the complex, subtle effects of electromagnetic field and relaxation on biology.
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Photothermal Material Interactions for Modulation and Imaging Using Infrared Light Michelle Y Sander Infrared nerve manipulation and vibrational infrared photothermal amplitude and phase signal (VIPPS)
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. These multidimensional, label-free modulation and imaging techniques could be integrated across different platforms to offer novel capabilities to simultaneously analyze biological phenomena across different spatial and temporal resolutions and obtain quantum molecular, cellular, and ensemble information, Sander said.
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Sander added that at the neuronal level, it is important that in vitro experiments optimize the environment and eliminate perturbations to elicit accurate measurements and signal interpretations to be closer to in vivo quantum measurements and scalable to neuronal communication. Longer Timescales Noting that it will be important to understand how ultrafast technology can report on longer-scale biological time lengths, Kurian asked the panelists how scientists can bridge the gap between femtoscale measurements and nano or microscale biology.
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Melanin Kurian asked how Kohler would design an entangled photon experiment with melanin. He replied that melanin is especially challenging, because it is one of the last biopolymers whose complex microscopic structure and individual chromophores are unknown.
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