Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s (2023) / Chapter Skim
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This is the seventh in a sequence of decadal survey studies in this field from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This survey examines the program of record, providing advice on the major projects from prior surveys that are yet to be completed.
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"New Windows on the Dynamic Universe" is aimed at combining time-resolved multi-wavelength electromagnetic observations from space and the ground with non-electromagnetic signals to probe the nature of black holes, neutron stars, and the explosive events and mergers that give rise to them, and to use signatures imprinted by gravitational waves to understand what happened in the earliest moments in the birth of the universe. "Unveiling the Hidden Drivers of Galaxy Growth" is aimed at revolutionizing our understanding of the origins and evolution of galaxies, from the nature of the tenuous cosmic webs of gas that feed them, to the nature of how this gas condenses and drives the formation of stars.
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To prepare for future large, strategic missions, 5 years after beginning the maturation program for the IR/O/UV mission, the survey recommends commencing mission and technology maturation of both a far-IR and an X-ray large strategic mission, both scoped to have implementation costs in the $3 billion to $5 billion range. Because of the powerful potential that large (20–40 m)
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The survey also strongly endorses investments in technology development for advanced gravitational wave interferometers, both to upgrade NSF's Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory (LIGO) , and to prepare for the next large facility.5 Foundational Activities A successful decadal survey strategy requires serious attention to the smaller but vital investments in the foundations of the research.
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Optimizing the cadence of major facilities and developing them in a sustainable way that ensures the appropriate level of maturity prior to a decadal or agency commitment and tighter control on ultimate project costs requires new, enabling programs and approaches. The Great Observatories Mission and Technology Maturation Program would provide a new approach for developing large space strategic missions.
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Chapter 3 Faculty diversity, and early-career faculty awards NSF Augmentation of $2.5 million: 3.3.2 NASA $1 million NSF; $1 million NASA; $0.5 DOE million DOE Workforce development/diversity, bridge programs NSF Augmentation of $4.5 million: 3.3.4 and Minority Serving Institutions partnerships NASA $1.5 million NSF; $3 million NASA Undergraduate and graduate "traineeship" funding NSF Augmentation of $3 million: 3.3.4 NASA $1 million NSF; $1 million NASA; $1 DOE million DOE Independent postdoctorate fellowships NSF Augmentation of $1 million: 3.3.4 NASA $0.5 million NSF; $0.5 million NASA Treat discrimination and harassment as professional NSF Not applicable (N/A) 3.3.5 misconduct NASA DOE Collect, evaluate, and report demographic data and NSF Augmentation of $1 million: 3.3.6 indicators pertaining to equitable outcomes NASA Split NSF/NASA Include diversity in evaluation of funding awards NSF N/A 3.3.6 NASA DOE Establish community astronomy model for Community N/A 3.4.1 observatory sites Mitigation of radio frequency and optical NSF TBD after evaluation 3.4.2 interference from sources including satellite NASA constellations Climate change mitigation actions Community N/A 3.4.3
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depending 4.5.1 supported by NSF and NASA NASA on outcome of study Data pipeline development, archiving for NSF TBD depending on plan 4.5.1 ground-based telescopes Augmentation and improved coordination of NSF Augmentation of ~$2 million/yr, 4.5.5 laboratory astrophysics funding NASA TBD after plan is developed TABLE S.3 Sustaining the Operating Portfolio Cross-Reference: Budget Section Number, Recommendation Topic Agency (FY 2020$) Chapter 5 New MREFC facilities contingent on NSF N/A 5.1.1 development of plan for supporting operations and maintenance costs NSF to establish regular cadence of portfolio NSF N/A 5.1.2 reviews of operating facilities End Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared NASA No impact if adopted 5.2.1 Astronomy (SOFIA)
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Review NASA's balloon program for optimal NASA TBD depending on outcome of 6.2.1.1.1 balance review TABLE S.5 New Medium and Large Initiatives: Space Programmatic Cost Appraisal Cross-Reference: Section Recommendation Topic Function (FY 2020$) Number, Chapter 7 Great Observatories Mission and Technology Enabling future $1.2 billion this decade 7.5.1 Maturation Program for Infrared/Optical/ frontier projects Ultraviolet (IR/O/UV)
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(LIGO) upgrades and for future gravitational wave observatories (GW)
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