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4 PFAS Exposure Reduction
Pages 102-118

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From page 102...
... FIGURE 4-1 Conceptual model for PFAS exposure reduction. NOTE: Red lines indicate a break in the pathway that could reduce human exposure.
From page 103...
... What is well known is that PFAS exposure is highly complex, with pathways that include occupational exposures, environmental contamination, consumer product use, and food exposures. Specific sources of exposure include, for example, jobs in fluorochemical manufacturing facilities or where PFAS-containing products, such as textiles or food contact materials, are made.
From page 104...
... In addition, the committee reviewed advice from other entities on PFAS exposure reduction, such as that provided by nongovernmental organizations, state and local governments, and other countries. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE SOURCES TO HUMAN EXPOSURE Behavioral Intervention Studies Studies evaluating the impact of behavior change on reducing exposures would help determine the impact of behavior on human exposure.
From page 105...
... Consumers have a variety of options for filtering PFAS from drinking water, including whole-house, under-sink, and filtering-pitcher devices. The committee identified seven publications and one agency report evaluating possible drinking water interventions.
From page 106...
... Nonetheless, pharmacokinetic models can be used to estimate the variability possible in exposure reduction and the impact of changes with different parameters. Although imperfect, exposure modeling can provide, at a minimum, an estimate of the change in internal PFAS body burden if PFAS levels in diet or water were decreased.
From page 107...
... . Where measured and estimated PFAS concentrations in breast milk in the United States have been compared with drinking water screening values of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
From page 108...
... breast milk concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the United States and Canada, in comparison with children's drinking water screening values (dotted line)
From page 109...
... PFAS-REACH PFAS-REACH (Research, Education, and Action for Community Health) is a project funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to develop guidance materials and data interpretation tools for use by communities impacted by PFAS-contaminated drinking water.
From page 110...
... present in a variety of commercial products, including sunscreen, cosmetics, personal care and beauty products, bug repellants, and household cleaners, among others. FIGURE 4-5 PFAS Project Lab map showing PFAS contamination sites in the continental United States.
From page 111...
... can be contaminated with PFAS as a result of fluorochemical manufacturing, use of firefighting foams, or discharge of landfill leachate to drinking water sources. If PFAS are in drinking water, switching to another source of water with lower PFAS concentrations will reduce exposure.
From page 112...
... 2020. Population-wide exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water in the United States.
From page 113...
... 2019. Characteristic and human exposure risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A study based on indoor dust and drinking water in China.
From page 114...
... 2019. Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
From page 115...
... in serum from 2-4-month-old infants: Influence of maternal serum concentration, gestational age, breast-feeding, and contaminated drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology 52(12)
From page 116...
... 2022. Current breast milk PFAS levels in the United States and Canada: After all this time, why don't we know more?
From page 117...
... 2019. Effectiveness of point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry systems to remove per‐and polyfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water.
From page 118...
... in breast milk: Concerning trends for current-use PFAS. Environmental Science & Technology 55(11)


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