Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers (2021) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 23-60
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White Papers: Understanding Transportation Resilience P A R T 2
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24 Initially presented at industry meetings during the research for this project, the three papers that make up Part 2 of this report were further developed to function as discussion tools for use by transportation agency executives and policy makers engaging with peers and elected or appointed officials. The three papers address topics that were selected by the NCHRP 20-59(54)
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25 This section of NCHRP Research Report 975 has been written for transportation policy makers and executives to provide a mechanism by which they can engage their peers together with elected and appointed officials who may be unfamiliar with the conversation surrounding transportation resilience. The contents of this section address three critical questions: 1.
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26 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers • Many of these hazards are related to the earth's climate, resulting in increasingly severe or unusual weather as the "new normal." The greatest climate-related risks to transportation are extreme heat, heavy downpours, and rising sea levels, all of which are projected to increase in the coming decades. • Environmental disasters resulting from these phenomena reduce system reliability and performance, drive up user costs, accelerate deterioration, and increase total infrastructure life-cycle costs.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 27 This "new normal" is creating an inconvenient reality for all DOTs and their senior leadership. Although they have been dealing with the triple challenges of increasing financial pressures, accelerated project delivery expectations, and a changing workforce while providing effective programs that are responsive to the communities they serve, these agencies now must alter their operational priorities to deal with evolving environmental and climatic change.
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28 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers reinforced during the NCHRP project team's review of the research literature. Consequently, this discussion paper focuses on extreme temperatures, severe storms, and sea-level rise.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 29 higher temperatures, whereas cold spells have abated. Droughts and heatwaves are projected to become more severe, particularly in the Southwest.
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30 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers from 1991–2011, the average frost-free season was about 10 days longer than during the period from 1901–1960. At the same time, ice and snowmelt have been occurring earlier in the spring, resulting in more flooding and affecting watershed ecosystems and agriculture.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 31 Source: Melillo et al.
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32 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers Sea-level rise differs from extreme weather in at least two essential ways: First, it is a coastal phenomenon of primary interest to only half of the states. Second, unlike the brief periods associated with extreme heat or rainfall, creeping sea levels are slow, continuous, and inexorable.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 33 normal weather is increasing, and will continue to increase, the total cost of the nation's transportation systems to the taxpayer and the system users. The downward spiral of increased risk, diminished reliability, and lower performance, driven by an increasingly chaotic environment and constrained by limited disaster relief funding, requires immediate and thoughtful adoption of resilience management practices by every transportation infrastructure owner.
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34 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers Severe Storms (Heavy Rainfall, Runoff, Flooding, Heavy Snow, Ice) Extreme Heat Heat Waves Sea Level Rise (Storm Surge, High Tides)
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 35 Each framework element depends on every other to perform adequately; all must perform for the system to operate. The framework is operationalized by developing a series of interrelated architectures using the unique items and inventories controlled by a specific DOT.
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36 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers These factors imply that a "one-size-fits-all" approach to resilience is neither desirable nor achievable. Large urbanized areas of the country, or megaregions, have far greater resources to recover from or adapt to environmental disaster than do second-tier municipalities and rural areas or "underperforming" regions.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Environmental Perspective 37 • Extended transportation and communication networks of metropolitan centers and their surrounding areas often cross municipal, county, tribal, and state boundaries, creating numerous operational interdependencies and challenges. These challenges reach across traditional jurisdictional boundaries, making current resilience planning strategies and governance models grossly inadequate.
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38 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers Resilience management leverages pre-existing risk management frameworks, although resilience and risk are not the same things. Resilience-enhancing recommendations are reflected in updated emergency operations plans, revisions to engineering standards, and in statewide and metropolitan transportation planning processes.
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39 This section of NCHRP Research Report 975 has been written for transportation policy makers and executives to provide a mechanism by which they can engage their peers together with elected and appointed officials who may be unfamiliar with the conversation surrounding transportation resilience. The contents of this section address three critical questions: 1.
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40 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers • Sea-level rise will result in increased tidal flooding, storm surge, and greater wave action, and is projected to become the greatest threat to all U.S. coastal regions in the future.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Economic Perspective 41 earthquakes, and other extreme environmental conditions can and do disrupt travel or damage infrastructure, flooding is by far the most frequent and expensive environmental hazard to the infrastructure. According to an article published by the Pew Charitable Trusts (Lightbody 2017)
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42 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers severe tropical cyclones bringing historic rainfalls and catastrophic winds to mainland U.S. and Caribbean interests.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Economic Perspective 43 Since the 1980s, innovative business practices such as just-in-time manufacturing, just-in-time retailing, and e-commerce (i.e., just-in-time delivery) have revolutionized the global economy.
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44 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers transit, rail, aviation, and maritime infrastructure, as well. Keynesian economics suggests that this purchasing power has a stimulus effect on the economy.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Economic Perspective 45 One of the most common misconceptions concerning resilience is that it is a "yes/no" sort of universal quality. People betray this bias in the way discussions are framed with questions like "Is this bridge resilient?
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46 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers curve can also apply to the local economy. State DOTs have a unique capacity to minimize the depth of loss of economic activity by reprioritizing DOT investments in the affected area.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: An Economic Perspective 47 Integrating resilience management and asset management processes provides the following immediate benefits to a DOT: 1. Accurate inventories of assets and their pre-disaster condition; 2.
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48 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers • Have you implemented formal asset management, performance management, and risk management approaches in your agency? Are these functions coordinated with each other?
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49 This section of NCHRP Research Report 975 has been written for transportation policy makers and executives to provide a mechanism by which they can engage their peers together with elected and appointed officials who may be unfamiliar with the conversation surrounding transportation resilience. The contents of this section address three critical questions: 1.
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50 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers • Cybersecurity is not the same mission as cyber resilience. Cybersecurity focuses on protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data; cyber resilience focuses on preserving or restoring transportation and agency operations.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: A Cyber Perspective 51 investments in the earliest commercial computers, and they had access to surveying and design software developed by the leading university civil engineering department of its day. Perhaps most importantly, they had been given a grand mission, along with a big checkbook.
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52 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers operators, and users with well-defined roles and responsibilities. Although many improvements to IT have been made over the past 60+ years, the original IT emphases -- collect the data, process the data, protect the data -- have remained constant.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: A Cyber Perspective 53 The advent of the Internet combined with the conversion of control systems from analog to digital components, ushered in the age of operational technology (OT) , sometimes referred to as industrial control systems (ICS)
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54 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers devices, apps, platforms, and social media. People want to renew their auto registration, know when their street will be plowed, what time the next bus is, and the fastest way to get to work.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: A Cyber Perspective 55 that DOTs will continue to bear all the responsibility for cyber-based transportation services while continuously losing more of the necessary resources, knowledge, and authority to do so. Cybersecurity or Cyber Resilience?
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56 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers cyber resilience. Cyber resilience also includes the ability to continuously adapt (i.e., change or modify)
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: A Cyber Perspective 57 different labels; many will need to be developed jointly with sister agencies, particularly with statewide IT, emergency management, and homeland security or law enforcement organizations, where they exist. The components are: • Continuity of transportation and agency operations plans that include cyber failures; • Crisis communication plans; • A risk-driven critical cyber infrastructure protection program; • A risk-driven critical data protection program; • Information and control system contingency plans; • Cyber incident response and recovery plans; and • A general disaster recovery plan.
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58 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers infrastructure as well. The various options presented in Table 2-8 provide a menu of strategic choices that can deployed before, during, and after a catastrophic cyber failure.
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Understanding Transportation Resilience: A Cyber Perspective 59 • Although the risks -- hazards, frequency (i.e., exposure) , and consequences -- to transportation infrastructure are well known, cyber risks are poorly understood.
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60 Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers the agency's fleet and fuel management software vendor. Appreciative of the "gift," several unwitting employees immediately started using the flash drives on their work computers.
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