The Use of Limited Access Privilege Programs in Mixed-Use Fisheries (2021) / Chapter Skim
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4 Ecological Impacts of LAPPs in Mixed-Use Fisheries
4 Ecological Impacts of LAPPs in Mixed-Use Fisheries
Pages 75-90
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From page 75... ...
, individuals stand to benefit in the future from conservation actions taken today. This incentive might be manifested in investments in more sophisticated stock assessment and forecasts, removal of derelict gear, research and development of lower impact gears for avoiding habitat damage or bycatch, or advocating for lower annual catch quotas in the face of uncertainty (Branch, 2009)
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From page 76... ...
A fourth pathway for ecological effects is that the changes to the fishery monitoring, accountability, and quota-setting processes that often accompany the creation of an IFQ program allow for reduced overfishing. Many LAPPs require robust catch-accounting systems, onboard observers, and an annual catch quota based on a stock assessment.
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From page 77... ...
These targets included catch relative to catch quota, fishing rate relative to FMSY, and population biomass relative to BMSY, or the biomass that will allow a fish stock to provide the maximum sustainable yield. LAPPs and partial LAPPs (essentially, LAPPs in mixed-use fisheries where one sector was in a LAPP while others were not)
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From page 78... ...
Although some LAPPs can promote discarding via highgrading, well-designed LAPPs avoid this through effective catch monitoring and counting discards against catch quotas. When discards count against the quota, and these discards are included in stock assessments and part of annual catch limits, it is unlikely that the LAPP itself will have biological consequences.
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From page 79... ...
. The conservation benefits of the red snapper commercial IFQ program (accounting for 51% of the annual catch allocation)
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From page 80... ...
Did the LAPP Contribute to Improved Stock Status (and therefore spill over to the recreational sectors)
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From page 81... ...
The benefits of this recovery have not been distributed evenly across the Gulf, as recent recruitment trends indicate roughly twice the rate of recruitment in the western compared to eastern Gulf since the late 2000s. However, the 2018 stock assessment suggests that the recent spatial pattern of recruitment is likely more reflective of long-term average conditions, while the period of the late 1990s and early 2000s -- where recruits were shared approximately evenly across the regions -- was unusual.
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From page 82... ...
Unknown. Reducing unwanted bycatch was not among the goals of the red snapper LAPP.
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From page 83... ...
As noted for the red snapper fishery, it is possible that the improved landings accounting system, combined with at-sea observers, have improved data quality and timeliness and therefore improved the precision and accuracy of stock assessments. Did the LAPP Reduce Discards and Unwanted Bycatch?
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From page 84... ...
Figure 4.3 illustrates changes over time in the management measures implemented for the red grouper component of the grouper-tilefish IFQ. Red grouper is the dominant commercial and recreational grouper catch in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
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From page 85... ...
. Some of the differing trends may be because discards for headboats are self-reported through the Southeast Regional Headboat Survey, whereas private and charter vessel discards are estimated via the Marine Recreational Information Program/Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey.
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From page 86... ...
SOURCE: SEDAR, 2019. FIGURE 4.6 Discards in three recreational sectors for the red grouper fishery in the Gulf of Mexico.
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From page 87... ...
The expected value of bycatch quota is challenging to predict because it is tied to the profitability of the target fishery, the prevalence of the bycatch species, and the associated costs of avoiding bycatch. One important factor in determining this value is the magnitude of the overall bycatch quota allocation relative to the underlying prevalence of the bycatch species.
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From page 88... ...
The wreckfish LAPP was the first finfish IFQ program instituted in the United States. It was primarily instituted because capacity was far greater than needed to fulfill the total allowable catch regulations put in place in 1990.
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From page 89... ...
SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS The implementation of LAPPs can have beneficial ecological impacts in mixed-use fisheries. The leverage that improved conservation within sectors of the fishery included in the LAPP has on meeting overall annual catch limits for the fish stocks is very much dependent on the proportion of the total fishery accounted for in the LAPP.
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From page 90... ...
Consequently, it is not surprising that these LAPPs, in general, did not produce widespread ecological consequences. The one notable exception was the bluefin tuna IBQ program, which was designed specifically to minimize bycatch in the commercial longline fishery and where there was a clear and substantial benefit in the form of a sharp reduction in catch overages and other regulatory discards in the commercial fishery.
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