Countering the Pandemic Threat Through Global Coordination on Vaccines The Influenza Imperative (2022) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction: The Imperative for Global Investment in Influenza Vaccines
1 Introduction: The Imperative for Global Investment in Influenza Vaccines
Pages 21-38
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 21... ...
. While scientists and public health policy makers may not have been able to predict that it would be specifically SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, that would cause the next major pandemic, they did underscore the vital importance of preparing for a major respiratory pandemic due to an as-yet-unknown pathogen, or "Disease X" (Simpson et al., 2020)
|
From page 22... ...
so far for COVID-19, the 1918–1919 pandemic,2 and new variants of highly pathogenic influenza viruses circling the globe annually, one could argue that pandemic influenza reflects an even more dire risk to global and economic health than SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, according to the U.S.
|
From page 23... ...
These single-disease frameworks were largely reactive, lack permanent legal charters, and have faced issues with securing adequate financing from high-income countries. In short, while experts knew in 2019 that a severe, novel respiratory pandemic could be on the horizon, pandemic preparedness governance writ large has been largely a "conductor-less orchestra." In Lurie's words, the COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the "fragility of our global system of preparedness and response to pandemics, and the fragmentation of our research and development ecosystem" (Lurie et al., 2021)
|
From page 24... ...
6 Looking at seasonal vaccine access is an important proxy for pandemic influenza vaccines because it appears that COVID-19 may have increased acceptance of influenza vaccination in previously unvaccinated individuals and may have motivated uptake in newly eligible candidates. See Bachtinger et al.
|
From page 25... ...
GPMB (2019) cost: influenza pandemic akin to the scale and virulence of the 1918 pandemic Expected $500 billion intrinsic Fan et al.
|
From page 26... ...
By 2019, this capacity had risen to approximately 6.4 billion doses, or enough to inoculate about three-quarters of the global population, in large part due to the efforts of WHO's Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (GAP, see Chapter 2) and improved vaccine technologies, such as increasing the use of adjuvants (Rockman et al., 2020)
|
From page 27... ...
However, this is largely theoretical; it assumes that surveillance systems would quickly identify the spillover virus, the country in which the virus was identified would be willing to share viral samples or sequence information, the pandemic strain would grow as well in eggs or cell cultures as seasonal influenza strains, and a clear -- and early -- signal would appear for manufacturers to switch from producing seasonal to pandemic influenza vaccines. (That ability to switch could also be affected by how far seasonal vaccine production has progressed; it diminishes as seasonal production advances.)
|
From page 28... ...
, the global governance structures for influenza "may turn out to be gossamer strands across the mouth of a cannon." The world can produce more influenza vaccines today than in 2009 but has not yet solved the serious issues of vaccine access and equity and managing the "switch" from seasonal to pandemic vaccine production and the poor market-based incentives for producing influenza vaccines. A DISRUPTIVE MOMENT TO RECONSIDER INFLUENZA IN THE WIDER PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS LANDSCAPE In many ways, the global health community entered the twenty-first century with optimism and a sense of shared will and values.
|
From page 29... ...
population by protecting vulnerable populations worldwide. He called on the G7 partners to create a sustainable health security financing mechanism aimed at building the capacity to end the COVID-19 pandemic and prevent future ones. In addition, in January 2021, the G20 launched a High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP)
|
From page 30... ...
For all its defects and failures, the global influenza system is among the most well established and best functioning among the existing global health governance structures for infectious diseases (Carroll et al., 2021)
|
From page 31... ...
As the health, social, and economic consequences of a severe pandemic are now clear to all, the current push to increase and stabilize pandemic financing, partly inspired by COVID-19, may be either the latest rendition of the usual reactive pattern or the beginning of a genuine effort to achieve more effective governance and financing structures for sustained pandemic preparedness. The key may be to harness the current political will and momentum evident in the efforts of the G7, the G20, and many other groups to establish effective mechanisms for the longer term.
|
From page 32... ...
that may confer significant advantages for national preparedness and regional and global coordination of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines and vaccination.
|
From page 33... ...
To approach this broad -- and time-sensitive -- task, the committee held a series of meetings from March through July 2021. Four meetings focused on the existing major global governance frameworks and regulations related to influenza vaccination, gaps in and barriers to these frameworks and regulations, areas in which the committee could make recommendations to fill these gaps, and ways in which influenza governance and financing structures could be integrated with wider respiratory pathogen and pandemic governance infrastructures.
|
From page 34... ...
Across all chapters, the committee considers the areas in which the solution for pandemic influenza PPR should focus on influenza specifically and where influenza vaccination is best approached as a subset of solutions for broader respiratory pandemics. Ultimately, the committee argues that influenza presents a major pandemic threat and that addressing it will require enhanced global coordination, partnerships, and financing for respiratory pathogen PPR, particularly vaccines.
|
From page 35... ...
2021. Financing for global health security and pandemic pre paredness: Taking stock and what's next.
|
From page 36... ...
2021. Seasonal influenza vaccination policies in the 194 WHO member states: The evolution of global influenza pandemic preparedness and the challenge of sustaining equitable vaccine access.
|
From page 37... ...
2021. Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2019.
|
From page 38... ...
The Lancet Global Health 5(8)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.