Countering the Pandemic Threat Through Global Coordination on Vaccines The Influenza Imperative (2022) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Existing Global Governance Landscape for Influenza Vaccines
2 The Existing Global Governance Landscape for Influenza Vaccines
Pages 39-58
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From page 39... ...
Governance mechanisms enable surveillance, virus sharing, scientific research, and vaccine development. Strategically, the "ecosystem" also integrates national security, economic interests, human rights, and ethics into pandemic influenza governance.
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. About 60 percent of countries now participate in WHO-mediated global influenza surveillance, supporting the IHR requirement for member states to notify WHO of all human infections with novel influenza viruses (WHO, 2008)
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. Avian influenza fears led to a frantic period of vaccine development and global preparations for pandemic influenza, during which issues of equitable access to vaccines and benefits from research on influenza viruses made some stakeholders question the legitimacy of GISN/ GISRS, which reached a peak when Indonesia refused to share its H5N1 virus samples with WHO because it believed that it would not receive equitable access to the benefits derived from them (Fidler, 2010)
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As a consequence, demand for vaccines was often lower than anticipated; in Africa, only 4 percent of the population received the vaccine, instead of the planned 6 percent. In spite of these issues, WHO leadership did lead to distribution of H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines to 77 countries, many of which vaccinated large fractions of their highest-risk populations.
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° Countries who received WHO-donated vaccine mostly had little to no experience with influenza vaccines; this created bottlenecks in terms of developing plans to use vaccines, applying to WHO for donations, and granting customs clearance. ° Gavi and other international organizations are mostly designed for pediatric rollout, and most countries had immunization systems en tirely focused on young children but not those adults most at risk for severe influenza, such as pregnant women, the elderly, and health care workers (Hampton, 2011)
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. EXPANDING AND ENHANCING INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE SINCE 2009 The governance and financing challenges during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic stimulated negotiations that led to the launch of the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP)
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The world can now produce more vaccines than in 2009 but has not yet developed governance or coordination mechanisms to solve serious issues of vaccine access and equity, including the "switch," poor market-based incentives for producing pandemic vaccines, and deployment and delivery. Like access and benefit sharing, governance structures for the surveillance and monitoring of zoonotic influenza have evolved significantly since 2009.
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46 FIGURE 2-1 GISRS+ capacity building. NOTE: CC = WHO Collaborating Centre; NIC = WHO National Influenza Centre; ORV = other respiratory virus.
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Our abridged analysis of major influenza governance structures reinforces that meeting's finding that strengthening influenza vaccine PPR must be "guided by an alliance of international stakeholders, to include, among others, governmental and nongovernmental organization representation, civil society representatives, vaccine manufacturers, international organizations, and health security and influenza experts" (Ruscio et al., 2020, p.
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Chapter 4 includes a case study of the GAP- mediated influenza technology transfer program for manufac turers. Global Influenza GISRS is responsible for monitoring global influenza activity, Surveillance and forecasting pandemics, and identifying strains for the annual Response System seasonal vaccine.
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Innovation Centers network to coordinate and attract expertise to the effort to develop a universal influenza vaccine. Biomedical The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza of 2005 designated Advanced the U.S.
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2013) able, seasonal influenza vaccination programs in LMICs and with WHO programs to help countries prepare for pandemic influenza and support countries' efforts to control and prevent seasonal influenza (Bresee et al., 2019)
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The objective is to provide intergovernmental bodies and governments with expertise to guide pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccination; IVS has published studies of the global vaccine supply. Developing This is a voluntary public health–driven alliance of vaccine manuCountries' facturers from developing countries.
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In addition, some countries still cannot detect novel influenza viruses, which is a core capacity under the IHR.
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5. Performing national pandemic planning: WHO developed pandemic influenza risk management guidance to encourage countries to develop national pandemic preparedness plans.
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What we are interested in is how to best to ensure that the successful governance structures and frameworks used for influenza inform proposals being advanced by the plethora of groups and studies and that the specific requirements of pandemic influenza are given due weight as a highly hazardous pathogen. Our argument is that the global influenza system may well be the most well established and functioning among those extant systems for pandemic preparedness (e.g., GISRS for surveillance, the PIP Framework for ABS, GAP for vaccine manufacturing capacity building, and IFPMA IVS to provide a link to market generation)
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Each chapter includes key findings and conclusions, which both respond to challenges laid out in the Global Influenza Strategy and form the basis for subsequent recommendations. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS • Global coordination for vaccines and vaccination will not be successful without including both public (national governments)
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2010. Negotiating equitable access to influenza vaccines: Global health diplomacy and the controversies surrounding avian influenza H5N1 and pandemic influenza H1N1.
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2020. Pandemic influenza vaccines: What did we learn from the 2009 pandemic and are we better prepared now?
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. Enhancing the global influenza surveillance and response system for respiratory viruses with epidemic and pandemic potential.
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