District Heating and Cooling in the United States Prospects and Issues (1985) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: District Heating in Europe
Appendix C: District Heating in Europe
Pages 130-140
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From page 130... ...
Similarly, until recently few European homes had central heating, which has made district heating more attractive in Europe than in the United States. Nevertheless, there is something to be learned by reviewing some district heating systems in Europe, especially about how such systems are planned and put into effect.
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From page 131... ...
In Europe, heat demand is typically lower than in the United States because Europeans are accustomed to lower indoor temperatures than Americans. Heating standards in Europe have influenced district heating economics.
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From page 132... ...
These figures reflect the decline of steam systems owned by large utilities in the United States. In Europe, district heating may represent a significant or even dominant source of utility revenues.
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From page 133... ...
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 YEAR FIGURE C-1 A 1980 forecast for district heating development in Sweden (courtesy Swedish District Heating Association)
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From page 134... ...
Government planning directly helps organize and design district heating systems and indirectly controls the urbanization that creates the population density needed for district heating. Such government planning does not occur in the United States.
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From page 135... ...
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From page 136... ...
This more complete three-dimensional development control facilitates the integration of cost-effective district heating systems In Europe, national laws in each country require local governments to plan for a wide variety of municipal services and developments, including energy use. European governments are more rigid in controlling development than the United States, and the options for district heating use are clearer.
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From page 137... ...
The planning considers waste heat from existing and new power plants, industries, and municipal waste incineration plants, as well as natural gas and renewable energy resources such as surplus straw, waste wood, wind, sun, and wet biomass. Such energy planning is typically carried out by state and local governments in the United States, although usually not as systematically as in Denmark or elsewhere in Europe.
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From page 138... ...
FULPHUR ACID PLANT |SA CHTLEBEN D IN SLAKEN jDIN. INNENSTADTI I jTHYSSEN STEELMILL _ SCHWELGE RN Lower Rhine district heating main (Ebert, 1984)
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From page 139... ...
and individualized Conventional District Heating Cogeneration Natural gas Electrical heat Year FIGURE C-4 Planned distribution of district heating in Denmark in the year 2000 (Bernsen, 1984~.
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From page 140... ...
140 low-cost hydroelectric power and radically lowered heating demand in new homes. This has led to direct subsidy programs, as well as more aggressive marketing by district heating companies.
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