District Heating and Cooling in the United States Prospects and Issues (1985) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 History and Background
2 History and Background
Pages 25-38
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 25... ...
They soon spread to other small cities in the United States, especially in northern industrial states. They also spread to large cities, such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore.
|
From page 26... ...
The Rochester system had also been subject to incremental pricing of natural gas, which made its price too high for it to compete successfully with onsite systems. There are relatively few commercial urban systems today selling both steam and hot or chilled water in the United States.
|
From page 27... ...
| N ~ ONT. _ ~_i it, ' -a (_ :~: TEXAS FIGURE 2-1 Commercial district heating systems in the United States and Canada in l9S1 (courtesy International District Heating Association)
|
From page 28... ...
in 1978. PURPA required electric utilities to purchase power from small producers or cogenerators at rates equal to the "avoided cost" of generating equivalent amounts of power by conventional means.
|
From page 29... ...
NOTES: 1 Four largest systems in the United States are New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Boston. New York is by far largest in the United States and is one of the largest in the world.
|
From page 31... ...
Just as in its early growth in the United States, district heating systems in Western Europe arose and grew in response to a special set of economic and technical circumstances. District heating has become an integral part of the national energy plans of almost all Western European countries (Table 2-2~.
|
From page 34... ...
/' SWEDEN EDEN MARK , f RANCE o ; ~ 1970~Z5 Q 198S ~? ~ FIGURE 2-5 District heating growth in selected European countries, 1960-1980 (courtesy North American District Heating and Cooling Institute)
|
From page 35... ...
) Austria 4% of low temperature end use energy needs 5,500 Belgium 0.4% of useful 1,059 3,530 energy demand for residential space and water heat Denmark 42% of final consumption for residential and commercial sectors 40% of space heating needs in residential and commercial sectors 30% of single family dwellings 50% of multi family dwellings 0.76 million dwellings Finland 8% of total primary energy 23% of space heating needs in the residential and commercial sectors and 38% of space heating needs in the industrial sector 23,000a 9,500 5,500
|
From page 36... ...
2% of space heating needs in medium sized cities (population 10,000-100,000) 7% of low-temperature heat demand Ireland Netherlands Norway Sweden 27% of space and water heating demand 47% of multi family dwellings 3% of single family dwellings 67,000b 5,000 100 16,000 100-150 2,500 25,000 1,200
|
From page 37... ...
of (continued) public and commercial buildings United 1-2% of space Kingdom heating demand United States Connected Load (MW(th)
|
From page 38... ...
Nevertheless, air conditioning has been installed in many new European office buildings, particularly in southern Europe, which suggests that district cooling could be economically viable in many European cities. Analysts have cited six conditions that have fostered the growth of district heating systems in Europe: densely populated urban areas, cold winters, the technical ability to combine heat and power generation, nearby cheap energy sources, high prices for imported oil and gas, and utilities with the capacity to supply adequate heat and power during long winters (Santini, 1981~.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.