District Heating and Cooling in the United States Prospects and Issues (1985) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 7-24
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From page 7... ...
In the United States, district heating and cooling systems have been known as central plant heating, cooling, and steam; municipal heat, power, and steam; campus or areawide heating; total energy systems; municipal integrated utility systems; integrated central energy systems; and total integrated or community energy systems. In Europe, the terms for such systems generally translate as distance heating or urban heating.
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From page 8... ...
They are typically found on college and university campuses, military installations, industrial parks, multifamily housing developments, and office, commercial, and medical complexes. These systems are frequently referred to simply as Central heating." Institutional systems are generally run by nonprofit groups, such as governments, hospitals, and universities, which are generally not regulated or subject to taxes.
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From page 9... ...
..... its 1' 2 ~ : l :~ FIGURE 1-1 Caterpillar tractor plant, Peoria, Illinois (courtesy North American District Heating and Cooling Institute)
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From page 10... ...
Urban district heating and cooling systems take many different specific forms. A factory may sell waste heat to surrounding properties, a cogenerating electric utility may sell hot and chilled water or steam, or a municipal solid waste incinerator may sell heat to a thermal production plant.
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From page 11... ...
Installation is difficult -- pitched piping, steam traps, pipe expansion, manholes. Maintenance costs are higher than for hot water systems.
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Installation, retrofit to buildings generally easier than for steam. Lower maintenance costs than steam systems.
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Technological integration makes it economically feasible to convert geothermal and solar energy, coal, and other underused energy sources into thermal energy. Thermal Production System Depending on community needs, the thermal production system can be either a centrally located facility or several interconnected plants.
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From page 14... ...
.~ ' ~ Geotl`-r~nal~ ~ ::~\ nstu a' 9a A) oil Co nal Bollere ~ -- -\ Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Increases Energy it'\ ~ Low Temp Industrial Process Heat ~_~ Institutlonal Heating Air Conditioning A\ '..4 \ .4V Reeldentlel Heating Water Heating Supply \ ~ Options ~ V Hest Pump Comme clef Fleeting Conditioning FIGURE 1-2 Possible elements of district heating and cooling systems (Argonne National Laboratory)
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From page 15... ...
15 ~3 Thermal production plant Transmission line / Distribution line~ / ~ ~ b Consumer building containing in~building equipment FIGURE 1-3 Schematic diagram of simplif fed district heating and cooling system (Santini and Bernow, 1979~.
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From page 17... ...
transports thermal energy to end users through a network of insulated pipes. The pipe loop carries energy in the form of steam or hot or chilled water to the end users.
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18 ~ , ~ _ ~_ ~,o o o o o o~ o o o _ o o o 0 o o Z ~ oo o UJ 0 oo oo o o IL ~ 00 o 0 o o ~ o o C, o o 9~ o o o o o_ ~o oooo~ ~o o o o ~ ~oo, C]
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From page 19... ...
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | LOST ENERGY 45.9% t:: :::::::::: ~2,93 ~ ~ o 2 :...'.,:! i~i ''1 ~USEFUL ENERGY 54.1% _ 12 _J.45 x 10 FIGURE 1-6 Energy flow analysis, 1980-2000, for the Piqua, Ohio, district heating and cooling system (Resource Development Associates)
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20 FIGURE 1-7 District heating transmission line in New England connects a downtown heat distribution grid to the thermal production plant several miles away (North American District Heating and Cooling Institute)
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~ . : it', ~"~:t FIGURE 1-8 Welding 10-inch steel for 320°F hot water distribution pipe to the state capitol, Trenton, New Jersey (North American District Heating and Cooling Institute)
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From page 22... ...
District heating and cooling systems can be designed and operated competitively. Because they can use coal, municipal solid wastes, and cogenerated thermal energy, their fuel costs are typically lower than competing systems that use oil or natural gas.
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From page 23... ...
Heating Office building, 10 floors Absorption chilling Steam/hot water heat Office building 10 f loors Compression chiller Steam/hot water heat Apartment building Window air conditioning Hot water heat Retail store, rooftop direct-expansion air conditioning Steam heat Hot water heat Retail store, rooftop direct-expansion air conditioning Gas/air heat SOURCE: Santini and Bernow (1979~.
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From page 24... ...
District heating and cooling production and delivery systems represent an investment in a city's infrastructure that uses initial capital investment to achieve long-term cost savings from a reduction in the amount of energy used (Hanselman, personal communication, 1984~. The ability to use several fuels can be engineered for each system to take advantage of local energy sources while, on a national level, reducing the need to import oil, thereby minimizing reliance on unstable supplies and taking advantage of world price fluctuations.
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