DoD Engagement with Its Manufacturing Innovation Institutes Phase 2 Study Final Report (2021) / Chapter Skim
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3 Education and Workforce Development
3 Education and Workforce Development
Pages 37-79
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The effectiveness of online education in scaling manufacturing education, and e. The role of MIIs in credentialing for EWD.
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program has encouraged its state MEPs to support workforce education and has also worked with OSD ManTech 1 This section draws particularly from the following two recent studies of workforce education: MIT Office of Open Learning, 2021, MassBridge: Advanced Manufacturing Workforce Education Program: Benchmarking Study: Phase One Report, April 12, https://openlearning.mit.edu/research/ additional-mit-open-learning-research (prepared for DoD ManTech; referred to hereafter as "MIT MassBridge")
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The House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee included language in its fiscal year (FY) 2022 report to promote such coordination across DoD agencies.6 An example of the possibilities of the role OSD ManTech can play in manufac turing, is its support of the MassBridge project, which is a partnership between the state of Massachusetts's MassTech agency and education department, five MIIs, the state's community colleges, its vocational technical high school system, and area employers to develop an advanced manufacturing curriculum for state schools.
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Better still are programs where primes and their regional small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sup pliers can band together, because productive advanced manufacturing requires adoption across supply chains.
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Create Statewide Industry and Community College Coordination Mechanisms A state-wide organization that brings together the state's manufacturers, which can link to a working consortia of the state's community colleges, as suggested above, can be effective in delivering strong, state-wide manufacturing workforce education. The state manufacturers can build support for workforce programs with the state government and enable employers to work together to implement workforce programs.
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, see LIFT, 2018, "IGNITE: Mastering Manufacturing," brochure, http://lift.technology/wp content/uploads/2018/12/Ignite-Brochure-9.25.18.pdf; LIFT, 2020, "LIFT and Amatrol Announce National Rollout of IGNITE: Mastering Manufacturing Advanced Manufacturing Curriculum for High Schools," March 4, https://lift.technology/event; Amatrol, "IGNITE: Mastering Manufactur ing," brochure, https://amatrol.com/program/ignite-mastering-manufacturing, accessed May 2, 2021.
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This primarily includes efforts by community colleges, but also training providers and MIIs. For example, one program aspect might focus on developing modules and the short, stackable credentials behind them to be added to existing programs.15 Another effort could focus on building an additional year for more advanced manufactur ing skills in new technologies and processes onto established programs.16 A third approach could focus on adding work/learn programs with internships or ap prenticeships to build the effectiveness of existing programs.17 Another would be to essentially wipe the slate clear, drop current programs, and start over with new programs to meet new employer needs.18 No single program will likely be adequate; several would help meet student needs.
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But advanced manufacturing will introduce a suite of new technologies, from robot ics to digital production software, to 3D printing, to production data analytics, to new materials and composites. Thus, a series of new technology skills will need to be added as spokes to the hub of systems skills.20 The advanced manufacturing "technologist" will not be able to master all these new areas, but could select a se ries related to needs of area manufacturers.
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The nation also appears to need earlier career and education guided pathways, which don't add additional certificate or degree time but replace less essential mate rial with real-world, project-based learning modules that emphasize competencies as opposed to traditional academic "seat time" approaches.22 This approach moves student toward practical learning that reinforces education-acquired knowledge, provides a pathway to afford additional education, and moves students toward career opportunities. Education Institutions Could Build Remedial Education Elements into Career Programs to Raise Completion Rates A major problem at community colleges is low completion rates; in many cases only one third of entering students complete their programs.
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New technologies such as virtual and augmented reality can increasingly be em bedded in online programs, helping with the learning-by-doing, that is so critical in manufacturing training, and offsetting limited time for hands-on training on equipment. Online platforms, then, can be an effective way to scale the productivity of capacity-limited training programs.26 Ensure Access to Advanced Manufacturing and Full-Scale Equipment Because of the cost of advanced manufacturing equipment, there is a significant challenge in getting students hands-on learning.
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This is not a one-time project. It will require continuing collaborations between regional education institutions, particularly community colleges, and manufacturers, to foster content and content delivery updates and new programs.28 So an energized thinking community for this ongoing process will be important.
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Developing online education materials available to industry and educa tional institutions.
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The discussion under Task 2e further discusses credentialing. Developing Online Materials As discussed in the section below on Task 2d, online education material could be important in reaching the scale of workforce training needed in new manufac turing technologies and processes.
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Online materials can be key to effective modular approaches that fit the needs of particular sectors for firms, can assist with multiple development pathways, and can help fit the need for stackable credentials and short programs. Online can also incorporate both sys tems thinking and spokes for advanced manufacturing content, and build remedial education into technical training.
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Col. coordination mechanisms Reach new entrant, x x x underemployed and incumbent workers Use modular x x x x approaches for customized programs Multiple x x development approaches Embrace stackable x x x x x credentials and short programs Program Content Systems thinking x x x Spokes of advanced x x x manufacturing content Work elements in x education programs Remedial education x x x within technical training Scaling up Programs Online education x x Access to advanced x manufacturing equipment Thinking x x x community
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Finding 3.2: In the area of curricula and program development, preferred ap proaches include: employer and education collaborations, cross-industry and com munity colleges coordination mechanisms, reaching new entrant, underemployed and incumbent workers, using stackable credentials and short programs, modular approaches for customized programs, and multiple development approaches Finding 3.3: In the area of program content, preferred approaches include: develop ing systems thinking as a core skill with spokes of advanced manufacturing content emerging from that core, including work elements in workforce programs, linking to apprenticeship and work/learn programs, and building remedial education ele ments needed by students into technical training programs. Finding 3.4: Regarding means to scale-up workforce programs to meet growing needs for students entering technical training, preferred approaches include: online and blended education, ensuring access to full-scale and advanced manufacturing equipment (with related education in digital thread, sensing quality and systems)
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MANUFACTURING INNOVATION INSTITUTES AND THE ORGANIC INDUSTRIAL BASE (TASK 2B) Background In Task 2b, the department requested the committee to consider ways DoD MII EWD programs could assist in upskilling DoD's own substantial manufacturing workforce in advanced manufacturing, at DoD's depots, arsenals, and shipyards.
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32 Emily DeRocco and Michael Britt-Crane, OSD ManTech. 33 CRS, 2017, "Defense Primer: Department of Defense Maintenance Depots," In Focus, November 7 (updated December 9, 2020)
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36 T Lopez, 2021, "Improvements to the Organic Industrial Base Prepare Services for Future Fight," Defense News, March 19.
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Could JROBOT serve, as it did for robotics and ARM, as a model for other MIIs with deployable technologies, like additive and America Makes, and digital and MxD? The DoD already has established the Joint Additive Manufac 41 Greg Hudas, DoD Program Manager, Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing.
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This could build upon the existing Joint Technology Exchange Group (JTEG) , operated by the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, which aims "to improve coordination in the introduction of new or improved technology, new processes, or new equipment into Department of Defense depot maintenance activities."46 As was noted in Chapter 2, MEPs do have well established relationships with many SMMs in the commercial defense industrial base, as well as with the many depots, arsenals, ammunition plants, shipyards in the DoD OIB.
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Recommendations Recommendation 3.2: OSD ManTech should work to ensure a systematic link between the DoD organic industrial base (i.e., depots, arsenals, ship yards, and ammunition plants) and the MIIs, for both new manufacturing technologies and adoption of related education and workforce development.
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By 2016 these workers made up only 43 percent of the manufacturing workforce; some higher education is increasingly required.48 Third, the coronavirus has disrupted the workforce particularly in lower-paid services sectors. Retail and hospitality sectors have been particularly hard hit.
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For example, in advanced manufacturing, gamification along with 2D or 3D digital twin technology could provide an important new learning method for new manufacturing processes, as could VR/AR for specific machine operation skills, or in robotics operations. Blockchain could provide a way to provide detailed informa tion on education and training skills and certifications with its validity assured and secure, accessible through the certificate-holder not just the education provider.
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So, the committee tried to translate here the major lessons -- and these are both new and quite current -- from the relatively small number of experts who are involved in these online learning lessons, into the manufacturing education context. This arguably is an important task because, as noted, there is a particular need for online education to play a role in scaling up advanced manufacturing education.
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Yo quinto, 2020, Grasp: The Science Transforming How We Learn, New York: Doubleday. These works summarize learning science literature relevant to online education.
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In terleaved content can also be built into online materials • Assessment and feedback loops -- Assessment followed by feedback on per formance also plays a role in the learning process, alerting students to both their progress and areas where they need more focus. All of these and numerous other lessons from learning science can be readily built into online education, making it much more interactive and so enhancing its ability to promote learning.
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When OSD ManTech encourages its MII's to develop online workforce programs in advanced manufacturing, it could ensure that these learning science lessons are being followed. All of these and numerous other lessons from learning science can be readily built into online education, making it much more interactive and so enhancing its ability to promote learning.
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When OSD ManTech encourages its MII's to develop online workforce programs in advanced manufacturing, it could ensure that these learning science lessons are being followed. Online Could Play a Role in Scaling-up Manufacturing Workforce Training To summarize and expand on points made above, manufacturing workforce education could be a particular beneficiary of advances in online education and the new technologies that can accompany it.
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Because the United States is not now educating for many of these new skills, a new advanced manufacturing curriculum needs to be introduced -- at scale. There is now both a manufacturing workforce gap and a manufacturing skill gap.
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Where there is online material available, a role for MIIs can be to curate and recommend education material rather than create it, such as ARM is attempting now in robotics through its "national robotics endorsement" plan.60 Community colleges are increasing users of online education materials but typically lack the resources to develop their own quality online courses. Commu nity colleges are often reluctant to adopt course material from particular equip ment producers because it trains for only one brand of equipment.
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Online materials could provide a significant boost getting to the scale needed in educat ing for these new technologies but are not being developing at an adequate pace. New content is required to cover advanced manufacturing, and this will require teaching new equipment, improved broadband technology, and instructors trained in these new technologies Role for the Manufacturing Innovation Institutes; Online Could the manufacturing innovation institutes help jump-start the online workforce education needed for advanced manufacturing at scale?
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AIM, • Has launched one online course on an edX platform for online courses to education institutions, companies, and individual students, on photonics integrated circuits and photonics fabrication and design, and it has nine more online photonics courses in development. • Is creating a virtual lab for community college, college and graduate stu dents in a computer gaming-based setting for these students to develop both integrated photonic circuits and systems, to support knowledge of both design and manufacturing.
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It is supporting the development of a platform through Open edX that can include all of the online materials that MIIs develop in their different advanced manufacturing technology areas. edX is a major MOOC platform where over 160 universities offer online courses that reach all geographic 63 LIFT, 2018, "IGNITE: Mastering Manufacturing," brochure, http://lift.technology/wp-content/ uploads/2018/12/Ignite-Brochure-9.25.18.pdf.
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The Government Accountability Office has noted serious skill training problems at service depots, arsenals and shipyards that are delaying the availability of military equipment and platforms -- online education materials available on the Open edX platform could be applied to help remedy this training scale-up problem.70 In effect, ManTech has begun a process of creating an online manufacturing academy that can serve a wide range of defense production needs. Online education materials from other DoD sources apart from ManTech could also find a home on ManTech's new platform, as well.
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While the military services have not been applying their growing VR or AR education capabilities for advanced manufacturing workforce education that could meet needs at depots, shipyards, arsenals or at defense contractors, this significant development expertise could be applied. However, military requirements would have to be developed for this manufacturing online education, and funds would have to be budgeted to support meeting these new manufacturing education re quirements.
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OSD ManTech could consider playing an intermediary role, helping to consider these needs at the service training centers and bringing in expertise of particular MIIs to advise in developing VR/AR and simulation related content. To summarize this subchapter, given the challenges of educating the manu facturing workforce so it is prepared to implement advanced manufacturing tech nologies and processes, online education appears to be an important scaling tool.
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Recommendation Recommendation 3.5: Given manufacturing workforce needs and because of their importance as a scaling mechanism, OSD ManTech should continue to en courage, support, and expand the initiatives for online and blended workforce education by manufacturing institutes. Online education and related blended learning should become a significant focus of institute education and workforce development efforts, including their efforts with their regional manufacturing ecosystems, because of its potential to scale up skills training in their advanced manufacturing fields.
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CREDENTIALS AND CERTIFICATIONS (TASK 2E) Task 2e requested a review of the role MII EWD programs could play in sup porting and developing industry-recognized credentials in a series of advanced manufacturing technologies.
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In recognition of the potential of industry-recognized credentials and certifica tions in closing the national manufacturing talent gaps, the DoD ManTech EWD lead 76 Executive Office of the President, 2012, Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage in Advanced Manufacturing, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, https://www.manufacturing.gov/sites/default/files/2018-01/pcast_amp_steering_committee_report_ final_july_27_2012.pdf. 77 Bonvillian and Sarma, 2021, "America Needs a New Workforce Education System."
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What role can the MIIs take in creating a critical mass of broad recognition and acceptance by industry in their advanced manufacturing technologies? The institutes represent consortia of manufacturers, both small and large, education institutions, and states, so potentially bring together the mix of actors that need to be involved in credential development.
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ARM is taking on a role of evaluating the robotics programs offered by education institutions (primarily community colleges) to validate that they are providing current and relevant programs that meet employer needs in industrial robotics, based on advice from their member companies and experts.80 There are also important activities to grow a national credentialing system that individual companies do not consider part of their responsibility.
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Recommendation 3.7: OSD ManTech should encourage the MIIs to engage in dustry, education, training, and credentialing organizations, standards develop ment organizations, and other government agencies in increasing public aware ness, and accelerating the recognition and acceptance of industry-recognized credentials in their technology areas. 82 MIT MassBridge.
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