Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Practical Mitigation Approaches Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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5 Health Effects of Exposure to Indoor Particulate Matter
5 Health Effects of Exposure to Indoor Particulate Matter
Pages 45-60
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2. How do we practically measure indoor fine particulate matter?
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Kipen said that the takeaway message is that, while we know that the strength of the association between air pollution and respiratory disease is stronger, the vast burden of morbidity from air pollution is actually due to increased cardiovascular disease, largely because cardiovascular disease is so much more prevalent in adults living in the developed world. It is likely that the mechanisms that link particulate matter and cardiovascular disease involve inflammation and oxidative stress that arise when particulate matter interacts with lung tissue and triggers physiological
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2012. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2010.
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Before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Kipen participated in a study called the Health Effects of Air Pollution Reduction Trial. This trial involving healthy 20-year-olds living in Beijing tested the hypothesis that there would be biomarkers of systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction, as well as direct measures of oxidative stress, that would improve significantly during the period in which the Chinese government promised to reduce air pollution and that would then return to baseline in the post-Olympic period (Huang et al., 2012; Rich et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013)
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On days when there were increases in hospital admissions related to heart failure associated with increased ambient particulate matter, there was a corresponding increase in the pressure in the right ventricle of the heart. In essence, this work identified a biomarker for heart failure (Rich et al., 2008; Wellenius et al., 2006)
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Based on that idea, he calculated that 71 percent of the average adult's dose of PM2.5 comes from particles that were outdoors and infiltrated the indoor space. After reviewing 16 studies that used an indoor air cleaner to lower household levels of PM2.5, Kipen found that the air cleaners lowered indoor PM2.5 levels between 40 percent and 82 percent but did not eliminate them.
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Conversely, improvements in air quality can improve optimal lung growth and attenuate the decline associated with normal aging. Lung function is known to affect the risk of developing lung disease, and low lung function during early life is a risk factor for developing asthma during childhood and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society* is an official journal of the American Thoracic Society.
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"So even though the baseline level was within a reasonable range, that modernization of school facilities led to even better air quality," said McCormack. Indoor Air Pollution and COPD Poor indoor air quality is a recognized contributor to COPD, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where indoor cooking using biomass fuels produces elevated levels of indoor PM2.5.
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More recently, McCormack and her collaborators were able to measure tidal volume2 in children with asthma and found an association between increasing body mass and increasing tidal volume. Modeling results showed that body mass was associated with increased particulate matter deposition rate.
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WILDFIRE SMOKE AND OTHER AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION COME INDOORS: HEALTH EFFECTS AND THE BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS THAT MITIGATE THEM Wildfire events can expose large populations to smoke, over regions that extend far beyond the fire, said Stephanie Holm. "Even if you are not located close to a wildfire smoke event, you can still be affected by smoke from that event," said Holm.
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rating of 13 or higher for central heating and air conditioning systems. For portable air cleaning systems, the unit needs a high enough clean air delivery rate to account for the size of the home and should not produce ions or ozone.
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. Holm noted, however, that total PM2.5 infiltration may be higher during wildfire smoke events as a result of filters getting saturated and because there may be more ultrafine particulate matter that filtration captures less efficiently (Mendoza et al., 2021)
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Many people, however, do not believe they have an indoor air quality issue. Holm agreed with McCauley, noting that the natural response in schools is to keep children inside when the outdoor air quality is poor without considering the school's indoor air quality.
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Both McCormack and Holm noted there is an environmental justice component to this, given that public health officials during a smoke event may tell schools to send their students home, but that assumes that the indoor air quality at home will be better than at the school. "That is especially unlikely to be true for our lower-resourced families," said Holm, "so we are exacerbating preexisting disparities for those children." In her opinion, the way to improve access to good-quality indoor air for all children is to ensure that schools have clean indoor air.
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