New Directions for Chemical Engineering (2022) / Chapter Skim
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7 Novel and Improved Materials for the 21st Century
7 Novel and Improved Materials for the 21st Century
Pages 176-198
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From page 176... ...
For example, materials research in academic chemical engineering departments will include work in polymer science, rheology, catalysis, biomaterials, nanomaterials, electronic materials, self-assembly, and soft matter; several of these subjects have been discussed in earlier, application-focused chapters of this report. Chemical engineers have been responsible for many advances in materials design and development.
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From page 177... ...
. This chapter explores four areas of materials research, design, and production in which chemical engineers are particularly active: polymer science and engineering, complex fluids and soft matter, biomaterials, and electronic materials.
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From page 178... ...
Block copolymers are one example of such hierarchically assembled materials. The ability to control the properties of the individual blocks to induce hierarchical order and control polymer macroscopic properties has enabled such applications as thermoplastic elastomers, semiconductors, nanolithographic masks and patterns, and ion-conducting solid-state electrolytes.
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From page 179... ...
. Recently, strategies for controlling monomer sequence have evolved to enable synthesis of sequence-controlled synthetic polymer chains at gram scale (Lutz et al., 2013)
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From page 180... ...
. In the past two decades, chemical engineers have been at the forefront of developing scalable strategies for advanced functional material assembly in complex fluids and soft matter.
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From page 181... ...
. The design of such scalable functional structures is an area in which chemical engineers can contribute in new ways to functional materials for energy management.
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From page 182... ...
Understanding of these stress conditions comes from chemical engineering's long history of studying the fluid mechanics of multiphase flows with nonideal complex stresses (Scriven, 1960)
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From page 183... ...
Chemical engineers are likely to continue to be at the forefront of this work. Nanoparticles Among the most exciting developments in soft matter in the last 20 years is the design, synthesis, and assembly of nanoparticles -- colloidal particles ranging in size from
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From page 184... ...
By combining shape with anisotropic interparticle interactions, practically any nanoparticle building block is possible. Spheroidal particles of PS or PMMA can be coated anisotropically with gold or platinum, or made of multiple materials, to form patchy particles called Janus particles.
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From page 185... ...
Engineering assembly processes, or "assembly engineering," will make possible functional materials, reconfigurable materials, materials that rely on metastable structures, and soft metamaterials. Assembly engineering will also make possible materials inversely designed to have unique combinations of properties not typically found together, enabling wholly new classes of materials for a wide range of applications.
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From page 186... ...
Key areas for advances in the biomaterials field include regenerative engineering, wound healing, systemic and localized delivery of nucleic acids, and the delivery to and detection and imaging of regions of the body that present unique barriers or opportunities. The biomaterials field can also provide solutions in areas beyond human health.
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From page 187... ...
Key advances include the development of dynamic synthetic hydrogels whose chemistry can be reversibly activated using light or physical or chemical stimuli to induce changes from one state to another. The more traditional chemically cross-linked hydrogel network is static, which prevents these networks from undergoing remodeling or supporting different tissue development or growth stages.
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From page 188... ...
(a) The native extracellular matrix (ECM)
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From page 189... ...
. The past few decades have led to a detailed understanding of the chemistries of biodegradable materials capable of achieving desired time-release profiles and of the thermodynamics that control self-assembled materials, such as block copolymers and liposomes.
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From page 190... ...
, particularly in the case of inflamed and infected regions such as lung or cardiac tissue. Additionally, nanoparticles can be designed to "home" to immune cells in circulation or in the lymph nodes based on nanoparticle ligands designed to bind to cellular surface markers.
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From page 191... ...
Future work will extend recent accomplishments to a much broader set of nanocarrier compositions and structures, allowing a greater amount of nanomaterials discovery toward tailored nanoparticle function. Nucleic Acid Delivery Perhaps the most important and impactful recent advance in drug delivery is the ability to deliver and transfect nucleic acids, including mRNA, siRNA, and DNA.
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From page 192... ...
One of the important biomaterials challenges in the upcoming decades will be the discovery and design of synthetic vectors that can rival the transfection efficiencies of viral delivery while remaining highly safe. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS Chemical engineers have played a central role in the discovery, design, and production of the materials (e.g., polymers, semiconductors, glasses)
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From page 193... ...
Challenges in Electronic Materials Discovery Research and development of electronic materials occur in sequence but have different inputs, outputs, timelines, and risks. For suppliers of materials to the electronics industry, the input to the research process is an established material need from device makers, and the output is enabling knowledge, ultimately in the form of a product concept to satisfy that need.
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From page 194... ...
TABLE 7-1 Primary Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes, Common Materials Used in Each Process, and Chemical Engineering 194 Processes Required Manufacturing Current Material Related Chemical Process Step Type of Processing General Material Classes Challenges Engineering Processes Deposition Plasma-enhanced Organosilane Safe handling Synthesis Chemical vapor Silicon-containing polymers Environmental and purity Purification Atomic layer Organometallics Packaging Spin-on Metal-containing formulations Chemical Electroplating distribution Physical vapor Etching and dopant gases Plasma-assisted etching Inert and reactive gases Safe handling Synthesis Halogenated gases Environmental and purity Purification Mixed specialty gas blends Packaging technology Packaging Lithography Spin coating Formulated-polymer blends Environmental and purity Polymer synthesis Solvents Distillation Metal-containing polymeric Purification blends Wet cleaning Spin coating Aqueous, semiaqueous, and Environmental and purity Chemical mixing Immersion bath solvent-based formulations Purification Acids, bases Filtration Solvent Packaging Chemical mechanical Spin coating Particle-containing aqueous Environmental and purity Chemical mixing planarization formulations Purification Filtration Packaging SOURCE: Internal knowledge from EMD Electronics, 2021.
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From page 195... ...
and its evolution into an international precompetitive consortium (Carayannis and Alexander, 2004) , precompetitive strategic partnerships have been instrumental in the electronics industry to advance the technologies needed to realize industry roadmaps (Logar et al., 2014)
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From page 196... ...
The electronic materials manufacturing industry elevates this challenge to a new level not experienced with the manufacture of many traditional chemical products. Comparison with the evolution of the pharmaceutical chemical industry offers a useful guide for the advancement of the electronic materials industry.
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From page 197... ...
In particular, they have a unique role to play in the continued development of polymer science and engineering because of their understanding of chemical synthesis and catalysis, thermodynamics, transport and rheology, and process and systems design. Chemical engineering is the logical home for research and development of complex fluids and soft matter.
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From page 198... ...
198 New Directions for Chemical Engineering lost dominance in the area of semiconductor processing, chemical engineering expertise around reactor design, separations, and process intensification has become critical to the success and growth of the electronic materials industry. Recommendation 7-1: Federal and industry research investments in materials should be directed to polymer science and engineering, with a focus on life-cycle considera tions, multiscale simulation, artificial intelligence, and structure/prop erty/processing approaches; basic research to build new knowledge in complex fluids and soft matter; nanoparticle synthesis and assembly, with the goal of creating new ma terials by self- or directed assembly, as well as improvements in the safety and efficacy of nanoparticle therapies; and discovery and design of new reaction schemes and purification processes, with a steady focus on process intensification, especially for applications in electronic materials.
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