The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Pages 187-212

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 187... ... The complexity of the biological tissues that require replication introduces additional constraints on the materials systems that can be used for these applications. Polymeric materials, including a number of polymer systems that form hydrogels, have played a critical role in the design and development of biomaterials. Read the entire page →
From page 188... ... Additive manufacturing, or 3-D printing, is an important tool for biomaterials synthesis. Biological inks, or bio-inks, which involve the integration of cells into biologically compatible materials using water-based solutions or suspensions, can be used with additive manufacturing methods to create complex patterned structures containing specific cells in precise arrangements, as with organs and functional tissues (Murphy and Atala, 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 189... ... Systemic Delivery and Nanomedicine The development of nanoparticle systems -- which include polymeric and liposomal nanoparticles, as well as inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials -- offers another opportunity for chemical engineers to make an impact in biomaterials. Applications of nanoparticles are promising, particularly for cancer treatment, for which nanoparticles are believed to have an advantage in sequestering toxic drugs from the rest of the body and targeting tumors. Read the entire page →
From page 190... ... , particularly in the case of inflamed and infected regions such as lung or cardiac tissue. Additionally, nanoparticles can be designed to "home" to immune cells in circulation or in the lymph nodes based on nanoparticle ligands designed to bind to cellular surface markers. Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... Future work will extend recent accomplishments to a much broader set of nanocarrier compositions and structures, allowing a greater amount of nanomaterials discovery toward tailored nanoparticle function. Nucleic Acid Delivery Perhaps the most important and impactful recent advance in drug delivery is the ability to deliver and transfect nucleic acids, including mRNA, siRNA, and DNA. Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... One of the important biomaterials challenges in the upcoming decades will be the discovery and design of synthetic vectors that can rival the transfection efficiencies of viral delivery while remaining highly safe. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS Chemical engineers have played a central role in the discovery, design, and production of the materials (e.g., polymers, semiconductors, glasses) Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... The enhanced purity requirements will drive improvements to in-line analytical process monitoring and realtime process control, as well as other advances in manufacturing. Chemical engineers can play a role in each of these areas. Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... TABLE 7-1 Primary Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes, Common Materials Used in Each Process, and Chemical Engineering 194 Processes Required Manufacturing Current Material Related Chemical Process Step Type of Processing General Material Classes Challenges Engineering Processes Deposition  Plasma-enhanced  Organosilane  Safe handling  Synthesis  Chemical vapor  Silicon-containing polymers  Environmental and purity  Purification  Atomic layer  Organometallics  Packaging  Spin-on  Metal-containing formulations  Chemical  Electroplating distribution  Physical vapor Etching and dopant gases  Plasma-assisted etching  Inert and reactive gases  Safe handling  Synthesis  Halogenated gases  Environmental and purity  Purification  Mixed specialty gas blends  Packaging technology  Packaging Lithography  Spin coating  Formulated-polymer blends  Environmental and purity  Polymer synthesis  Solvents  Distillation  Metal-containing polymeric  Purification blends Wet cleaning  Spin coating  Aqueous, semiaqueous, and  Environmental and purity  Chemical mixing  Immersion bath solvent-based formulations  Purification  Acids, bases  Filtration  Solvent  Packaging Chemical mechanical  Spin coating  Particle-containing aqueous  Environmental and purity  Chemical mixing planarization formulations  Purification  Filtration  Packaging SOURCE: Internal knowledge from EMD Electronics, 2021. Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... Novel and Improved Materials for the 21st Century 195 The unmet current and future needs for advanced materials for the electronics industry are being addressed through close collaboration with foundries and independent device manufacturers (IDMs) , precompetitive consortia, and industry roadmaps. Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... . Strategies for Development of Electronic Materials Chemical engineering merges chemistry fundamentals and material physics with the hardware and equipment required to produce the desired commercial chemical products. Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... Chemical engineers play an essential role in advancing the development of biomaterials for both regenerative engineering and organ-on-a-chip technology, and chemical engineering principles are at the heart of understanding and improving targeted drug delivery both spatially and temporally. As the United States has Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... 198 New Directions for Chemical Engineering lost dominance in the area of semiconductor processing, chemical engineering expertise around reactor design, separations, and process intensification has become critical to the success and growth of the electronic materials industry. Recommendation 7-1: Federal and industry research investments in materials should be directed to  polymer science and engineering, with a focus on life-cycle considera tions, multiscale simulation, artificial intelligence, and structure/prop erty/processing approaches;  basic research to build new knowledge in complex fluids and soft matter;  nanoparticle synthesis and assembly, with the goal of creating new ma terials by self- or directed assembly, as well as improvements in the safety and efficacy of nanoparticle therapies; and  discovery and design of new reaction schemes and purification processes, with a steady focus on process intensification, especially for applications in electronic materials. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... In other cases, chemical engineers will be involved directly in the development of tools and technologies that will advance science and engineering more broadly. Some of these tools and capabilities will be evolutionary in the sense that their development and application will be gradual and more predictable; others will be revolutionary in that either their development, their application, or both will alter the landscape of chemical engineering research and practice in ways that may be difficult to predict or anticipate today. Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... , tools, or capabilities will make it possible to turn data into useful information, knowledge, and understanding in the future? While the discussion here could address a virtually endless list of tools and capabilities -- many of which, when used in combination, will drive innovation -- the focus is on four categories: data science and computational tools, modeling and simulation, novel instruments, and sensors. Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... This capability will enable chemical engineers to optimize enterprise-wide performance at levels not envisaged a decade ago (Hubbs et al., 2020) Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... Chemical engineers will aid in advancing the biomedical sciences to facilitate the practice of personalized medicine by addressing the human body as a system, informed by the massive amounts of data generated by medical devices and fitness trackers. Wearable devices invented by teams of chemical engineers and medical professionals will synthesize a multitude of real-time data streams to enable the instantaneous transmission of health information to physicians and phones. Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... Such a future suggests profound and exciting opportunities for chemical engineers, who are trained in process integration and systems-level thinking -- skills that will be required to synthesize disparate data streams into information and knowledge. Artificial Intelligence AI is one of the modern tools of data science that is rapidly transforming all fields of science and engineering, including chemical engineering. Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... While chemical engineering has been data-driven since its inception, what is new to the discipline is the explosive growth in the use of AI -- and in particular ML -- in making predictions from data. Perhaps the most rapidly growing use of AI by chemical engineers is in the area of deep learning -- a subset of ML referring to the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... Examples of the many problems for which chemical engineers are making exciting breakthroughs using ML include mapping equilibrium phase diagrams, predicting system failure well in advance, evaluating metabolic networks, designing new molecules and materials, developing immunotherapies, understanding cellular processes and disease, and controlling nonequilibrium processes (Dobbelaere et al., 2021; Sanchez-Lengelingand Aspuru-Guzik, 2018; Venkatasubramanian, 2019) Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... A major challenge for chemical engineers, however, is that most data science methods originated in fields in which the implications of "off-spec" predictions are less Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... directions for chemical engineers in combining data science methods judiciously with the best aspects of traditional, physics-based models. An underappreciated aspect of data science with particular importance in manufacturing is data quality, curation, and provenance. Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... Chemical engineers are using ML to generate ab initio and phenomenological force fields that can accurately describe multiple material properties simultaneously, thereby enabling more complex simulation studies of phase transformations in materials, for example. They are designing new catalysts using a combination of electronic structure calculations and ML. Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... Several relatively recent game changers have emerged in the computing tools available to chemical engineers. An example is the GPU. Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... Since the first parallel computers appeared in the early 1990s, chemical engineers have exploited their capabilities to great effect. CPU-based parallel computing was the cutting-edge tool in scientific computing until about 2010, when GPUs emerged in personal and business computers. Read the entire page →
From page 211... ... scans to self-driving cars. The continued applicability of Moore's law -- achieved by still-decreasing nanometer-scale chip features, continued densification and thus multiplication of transistors on single chips, continued densification of chips on computer boards, faster networking and switch speeds for faster communications and input/output, new and faster computing algorithms, declining costs, and ever-increasing accessibility -- will continue to enable chemical engineers to tackle bigger, more difficult, and more complex problems. Read the entire page →
From page 212... ... Chemical engineers have developed and applied these approaches to understand biomolecular interactions essential to drug design and particle interactions and assembly at the heart of nanotechnology. This cross-talk between simulation to reveal emergent behavior and to inform model development can be further developed to embrace data-driven and equation-free approaches to simulating interactions across scales in complex, far-from-equilibrium systems. Read the entire page →

From page 187...

... The complexity of the biological tissues that require replication introduces additional constraints on the materials systems that can be used for these applications. Polymeric materials, including a number of polymer systems that form hydrogels, have played a critical role in the design and development of biomaterials.