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1 Introduction
Pages 19-32

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From page 19...
... Although tech can refer to a number of academic disciplines and careers across a wide variety of sectors within STEM, the committee's statement of task limits its focus to computer science, computer and information science and support services, information technology, and computer engineering; however, the committee has drawn upon research literature and other evidence from related STEM disciplines to inform its discussion of and recommendations for increasing the representation of women of color in tech levels of their academic and professional careers (Box 1-1)
From page 20...
... , and Asian American women remain underrepresented on corporate boards of trustees and among managers in industry and government. Similarly, the committee recognizes that there is substantial diversity within other groups of women of color included in this study.
From page 21...
... . However, despite this important achievement, women of color remain significantly underrepresented relative to the national population, with the exception of some subgroups of Asian American women.
From page 22...
... Black women were more likely to report the prove-it-again bias, Asian women students benefited from the stereotype that Asians are "good at science," Latinas reported being pressured by colleagues to do administrative support work for their male colleagues, and nearly half of Black and Latina women reported regularly being mistaken as custodial or administrative staff. Women of color who work in science and engineering may experience isolation (Williams and Dempsey, 2014)
From page 23...
... Her work demonstrated the shortcomings of prevailing antidiscrimination law and policy as related to Black women's experiences, and, subsequently, to the experiences of any woman of color or people experiencing multiple forms of discrimination. In particular, Crenshaw demonstrated that women of color were excluded from legal narratives about racial justice, which largely focused on Black men's experiences, and gender equality, which largely focused on white women's experiences.
From page 24...
... The Double Bind and Intersectionality In December 1975, the American Association for the Advancement of Science convened a two-day workshop chaired by Jewel Plummer Cobb, a member of the National Science Board and advisor to American Association for the Advancement of Science. Thirty Black, Mexican American, Native American, and Puerto Rican women were invited to participate, representing various fields of science, engineering, medicine, and dentistry and coming from a variety of educational and work experiences and generational and geographic backgrounds.
From page 25...
... Many scholars trace the origins of critical race theory to legal scholars' analyses of critical legal studies. These scholars argued that critical legal studies restricted the legal ability to analyze racial injustice in the law and within critical institutions because the studies did not adequately consider race and racism (Bell, 1985, 1987; Crenshaw, 1989; Crenshaw et al., 1995; Delgado, 1988; Winston, 1991)
From page 26...
... Collectively, women of color share similar experiences, but their communities are not monoliths. The committee also believes that it is important to challenge assumptions about the meaning of "underrepresented," as it does not imply an impoverished background or an inherent inability to excel academically or professionally.
From page 27...
... . Research based on qualitative methods, such as interview work, aims to understand phenomena by creating categories from the data and then analyzing relationships between categories, while paying attention to the lived experiences of the research participants (Charmaz, 1990, 2006)
From page 28...
... In addition, the committee reviewed literature related to STEM fields more broadly, when applicable, to inform its understanding of trends in the experiences of women of color in STEM that also affect women of color in tech. THE STUDY CHARGE AND COMMITTEE'S APPROACH The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine named a diverse, multidisciplinary committee to fulfill the statement of task in Box 1-3.
From page 29...
... The committee's scope included a broad range of career stages and tech sectors, including students and faculty in higher education and professionals in industry and government agencies. The barriers and challenges encountered by women of color in STEM fields are well documented, but our knowledge of effective strategies to remove barriers is very limited.
From page 30...
... Chapter 6 describes alternative pathways that have opened up to meet the growing demand to facilitate entry into the tech workforce, such as employer-offered training, certification courses offered by two-year and fouryear colleges, community-based and nonprofit organizations, apprenticeship and re-entry programs, and digital badging, and the role of professional societies in supporting women of color in tech. REFERENCES APA (American Psychological Association)
From page 31...
... Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 23,407. Derks, B., N
From page 32...
... 2013. Seeking solutions: Maximizing American talent by advancing women of color in academia.


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