Exploiting Advanced Manufacturing Capabilities: Topology Optimization in Design Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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4 Topology Optimization and Multi-Physics
4 Topology Optimization and Multi-Physics
Pages 26-37
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From page 26... ...
The session focused on the methods required for multifunctional topology optimization and the software intelligence required to search these design spaces. Carlos Levi, University of California, Santa Barbara, introduced the speakers: Graeme Milton, University of Utah; Ryan Watkins, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
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As an example put forward by Owen Miller, designers might compare graphene with aluminum zinc oxide for the purpose of scattering and absorbing electro magnetic radiation. In 1997, bounds with thermal expansion and bulk modulus were realized using topology optimization, showing that by mixing three materials that all expand when heated, one could get a composite that contracts when heated.4 In addition, when applying topology optimization, results approach the theoretical bounds.5 Milton also shared findings illustrating how human intuition and topology optimization can come together; researchers trying to understand why a material expanded sideways when it was stretched achieved similar design structures first using intuitive models and bounds and then topology optimizations.6,7 1 G.W.
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From page 28... ...
For example, for a difficult topic like negative thermal expansion, the same equation applied to the equivalent problem of response of a material immersed in water results in the surprising material property that the material expands when the water pressure is increased, almost similar to negative expansion resulting from materials with positive thermal expansion.8 The work is not simple, but once something is revealed to be possible, an explanation usually follows. In another example, Milton described several optimizations to characterize the elasticity of materials.
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King asked about the implications of systems that populate all the way up to a bound, and Milton replied that the manufacturing process makes a huge differ ence in reaching the bound, regardless of if topology optimization is used or not. DESIGNING OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS: MULTI-PHYSICS TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION Ryan Watkins, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Watkins, who is steeped in all aspects of design work at JPL and spearheads the organization's topology optimization work, described how his team used topology optimization to design a bracket for a star tracker.
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Topology optimization is a way to solve these general problems by uniting siloed design teams, which decreases the design time and interaction problems. It can also help designs meet requirements for the highly dynamic launch environ ment and the temperature changes in space.
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TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED HEAT EXCHANGERS: THEIR POTENTIAL, DESIGN, AND MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES Reinhard Radermacher, University of Maryland Radermacher and his team are using topology optimization to redesign the heat exchangers inside heating and cooling devices, research that could enable compa nies to manufacture air conditioners and heat pumps that are much smaller and far more energy efficient than the products available today. He described how his team built a design from scratch using topology optimization and the challenges and advantages to that approach.
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NURBS-Tube HX was the only design that was 3D printable at relaxed specifications, and the team validated that all the prototypes met industry standards and could be very productive. R adermacher also described work by a number of other researchers to create novel designs for 3D-printed heat exchangers.
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From page 33... ...
In response to Levi, he also noted that there is currently no known way to evaluate the pressure drop in an additively manu factured part versus a standard tube, but that such capability must be developed. PANEL DISCUSSION ON TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION AND MULTI-MATERIALS King introduced the three panelists who had been invited to address topology optimization and multi-materials: Alicia Kim, University of California, San Diego; Kimberly Saviers, United Technologies Research Center (UTRC)
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From page 34... ...
Finally, her team has implemented topology optimization into multidisciplinary design optimization in order to create larger, systems-level optimizations. Saviers, the second speaker, works on internal aerospace functions -- in particu lar, flow ducts and heat exchangers for temperature reduction, which she believes would benefit from combining thermal and fluid aspects by adding the study of convection in addition to conduction.
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Wang, and Q Wu, 2018, Topology and parametric optimization based lightweight design of a space reflective mirror, Optical Engineering 57(7)
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Eric Amis, University of Akron, asked about directional heat flow needs. Kim replied that it should be possible to use her group's heat exchanger designs for that if the material is the same and only the geometry is changed.
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Radermacher posited that if surface roughness is beneficial, it may be pos sible to convert any debris into an advantage, perhaps smoothing a passage and creating a pressure drop with the exchanger; Levi agreed that such an approach could theoretically work. Saviers agreed that surface roughness was critical to heat exchange performance, because of the different length scales, which should also be incorporated into topology optimization methods.
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