Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade (2022) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Themes for U.S. Contributions to the Ocean Decade
2 Themes for U.S. Contributions to the Ocean Decade
Pages 21-66
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 21... ...
community to propose bold, creative, and audacious new ways to advance ocean science in support of sustainable development. The call for "Ocean-Shots" was designed to initiate this engagement with the ocean science community.
|
From page 22... ...
The topical themes (The Ocean Revealed, The Restored and Sustainable Ocean, Ocean Solutions for Climate Resilience, and Healthy Urban Seas) address fundamental aspects of sustainability and exploration and offer frameworks under which exciting new research programs can be further refined and developed.
|
From page 23... ...
. It also directly addresses UN Ocean Decade Challenge 9: "Skills, knowledge and technology for all - Ensure comprehensive capacity development and equitable access to data, information, knowledge and technology across all aspects of ocean science and for all stakeholders" and Challenge 10: "Change humanity's relationship with the ocean - Ensure that the multiple values and services of the ocean for human well-being, culture, and sustainable development are widely understood, and identify and overcome barriers to behaviour change required for a step change in humanity's relationship with the ocean."1 In developing principles and guidelines for addressing these chal 1 See https://www.oceandecade.org/challenges.
|
From page 24... ...
. From the development of ocean science knowledge networks to the creation of tools for ocean science education, outreach, and engagement, the community clearly recognizes the need for change and submitted a range of ideas in the Ocean-Shots to achieve that change.
|
From page 25... ...
Aquanautics: Democratizing Innovation in the Networked Blue Economy Revolutionizing Coastal Ocean Research through a Novel Share Model for the Long-term Sustainability of Humanity An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science (also a UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Programme) UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actionsa Ocean Voices: Building transformative pathways to achieve the Decade's outcomes (Decade Programme 16)
|
From page 26... ...
This workshop will help to identify approaches for broader involvement of diverse communities in contributing to and determining needs for ocean science for sustainable development and to guide the incorporation of effective practices into each of the topical themes. Resources and guidelines for furthering inclusion and equity will be presented.
|
From page 27... ...
• Metrics are developed, applied, and documented such that each commu nity can track meaningful points of progress in creating an equitable and inclusive Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. • Ocean science, knowledge, educational materials, and social engage ment are made accessible and broadly available through an open access platform.
|
From page 28... ...
With few exceptions, ocean data have been prohibitively expensive to collect, often requiring ship-time and hence limiting coverage in both time and space. Over the past several decades there has been a major shift toward the principle of open access for data collected with government funds, but because of the enormous range of data types, quality, and formats, and the enormous range of institutions and individuals who hold data, accessibility and usability are far from optimal.
|
From page 29... ...
New approaches, such as placing tagged or labeled data within data "lakes," focus on implementing easy-to-use and extensible2 interfaces for adding new data types as well as for creating new services based on these data. The UN Ocean Decade is a unique and timely opportunity to foster the coordination needed to make ocean data and computational services available to meet the pressing needs of the future.
|
From page 30... ...
. It also directly addresses UN Ocean Decade Challenge 7: "Expand the Global Ocean Observing System - Ensure a sustainable ocean observing system across all ocean basins that delivers accessible, timely, and actionable data and information to all users" and UN Ocean Decade Challenge 9: "Skills, knowledge and technology for all - Ensure comprehensive capacity development and equitable access to data, information, knowledge and technology across all aspects of ocean science and for all stakeholders."3 Development of data and computational systems will support the other challenges that require improving understanding, generating new knowledge, and enhancing predictive capacity.
|
From page 31... ...
FIGURE 2.1 Visualization of select Ocean-Shot concepts relevant to An Ocean of Data. NOTE: Acronyms are defined in Table 2.2.
|
From page 32... ...
COVERAGE: Next Generation Data Service Infrastructure for a Digitally Integrated Ocean Observing System in Support of Marine Science and Ecosystem Management FathomNet: Exploring Our Ocean Using Artificial Intelligence Forward-Looking Decision Making in Fisheries in the Face of Climate Change Improved Value of the Observing System through Integrated Satellite and in situ Design OceanCloud: Transforming Oceanography with a New Approach to Data and Computing OceanPredict.US An INFOstructure solution to the socio-ecological hazards of coastal flood control infrastructure UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actionsa Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (Decade Programme 129) The World Ocean Database Programme (WODP)
|
From page 33... ...
• In concert with An Inclusive and Equitable Ocean, incorporate strategies to relate place-based and qualitative knowledge to the more quantitative and large-scale, big data approaches and ways to incorporate different types of data, considering different types of evidence that are important for the co-creation of knowledge. • Develop potential guidelines for • co-designing data policy protocols to support and scale data sharing by partners; • building on existing data governance frameworks to create high-level guidelines that inform ongoing efforts to liberate and use ocean data in effective and equitable ways; and
|
From page 34... ...
TOPICAL THEMES The Ocean Revealed Overview of Theme Understanding fundamental ocean processes (e.g., ocean circulation, the carbon pump, food web dynamics) is the key to developing sustainable approaches to the many human uses of the ocean and its resources.
|
From page 35... ...
The key to The Ocean Revealed will be to engage a broad spectrum of experts and users such as engineers, acousticians, geologists, geodesists, geophysicists, modelers, biologists, resource managers, chemists, and physical oceanographers with experts in instrumentation, computing, AI/ML, signal processing, information theory, data visualization, and underwater communications. Together, they can collectively design the sensor suites and sampling characteristics needed to capture key ocean processes to address the most important issues of ocean sustainability and to provide an ongoing picture of the changing state of the ocean.
|
From page 36... ...
A coordinated acoustic observation network, leveraging existing undersea infrastructure, would provide the ability to conduct ubiquitous sensing of critical ocean variables with a mapped seafloor that provides a complete geospatial context. These observations would provide the opportunity to derive transformative insights into key ocean and seafloor processes that are essential for maintaining a sustainable ocean.
|
From page 37... ...
The global deployment of inexpensive sensors and citizen/community science, combined with more expensive autonomous platforms and strategically located moored arrays, all with the possibility of communicating with a global cabled infrastructure that may provide power, communications, and positioning, may offer the opportunity to finally capture ocean processes at the scales needed to answer key climate and sustainability questions. Underexplored ocean regions.
|
From page 38... ...
Decade Challenges and Outcomes Addressed This theme addresses a number of UN Ocean Decade challenges including Challenge 7: "Expand the Global Ocean Observing System - Ensure a sustainable ocean observing system across all ocean basins that delivers accessible, timely, and actionable data and information to all users" and Challenge 8: "Create a digital representation of the Ocean - Through multi-stakeholder collaboration, develop a comprehensive digital representation of the ocean, including a dynamic ocean map, which provides free and open access for exploring, discovering, and visualizing past, current, and future ocean conditions in a manner relevant to diverse stakeholders."6 This theme also addresses many of the UN Ocean Decade 6 See https://www.oceandecade.org/challenges.
|
From page 39... ...
Ocean Priorities The Ocean Revealed builds on more than 30 Ocean-Shot concepts and a number of UN Ocean Decade–endorsed actions listed in Table 2.3. This theme is further supported by other decade-related resources including NSTC's U.S.
|
From page 40... ...
Measuring the Ocean: A Plan for Open Source Underwater Robots and Sensors to make OceanScience more Accessible Ocean-Shots METEOR: A Mobile (Portable) Ocean Robotic Observatory Sustained, Open Access, In-situ, Global Wave Observations for Science and Society Measuring Global Mean Sea Level Changes With Surface Drifting Buoys Super Sites for Advancing Understanding of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers Twilight Zone Observation Network: A Distributed Observation Network for Sustained, Real-time Interrogation of the Ocean's Twilight Zone Persistent Mobile Ocean Observing: Marine Vehicle Highways FathomNet: Exploring Our Ocean Using Artificial Intelligence Battery-free Ocean Internet-of-Thing (IoT)
|
From page 41... ...
Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (Decade Programme 129) The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project (Decade Programme 107)
|
From page 42... ...
Representatives of the foundational themes will participate to ensure that their findings will be reflected in planning next steps. Defining Success By 2030, The Ocean Revealed would provide the observations necessary to support the Sustainable Development Goals and growth of the blue economy.
|
From page 43... ...
The impacts of these pressures vary across ocean ecosystems, disproportionately affecting coral reefs, coastal marshes, and the rapidly warming and melting Arctic. Human communities rely on the many ecosystem services provided by the ocean and with human populations increasing, the dependence on ocean resources is likely to increase, in particular for renewable energy, deep-sea minerals, and both wild caught and farmed seafood.
|
From page 44... ...
Decadal Vision of promoting economic prosperity and safeguarding human health; and the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy goals of protecting effectively, producing sustainably, and prospering equitably requires both restoration and effective management (Stuchtey et al., 2020)
|
From page 45... ...
Decade Challenges and Outcomes Addressed The Restored and Sustainable Ocean addresses many of the UN Ocean Decade challenges and outcomes. The primary UN Ocean Decade challenges include Challenge 1: "Understand and beat marine pollution - Understand and map land- and sea-based sources of pollutants and contaminants and their potential impacts on human health and ocean ecosystems, and develop solutions to remove or mitigate them"; Challenge 2: "Protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity - Understand the effects of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems and develop solutions to monitor, protect, manage and restore ecosystems and their biodiversity under changing environmental, social and climate conditions"; and Challenge 3: "Sustainably feed the global population - Generate knowledge, support innovation and develop solutions to optimize the role of the ocean in sustainably feeding the world's population under changing environmental, social and climate
|
From page 46... ...
Potential Research Elements • Utilize observing tools and systems from The Ocean Revealed to measure ecological processes and enable the linking of ecological and physical models with socioeconomic models; • Enable the exploration of "what if" scenarios to understand natural and technological risks and uncertainties with different policy interventions, including the role of marine spatial planning as a means to reduce these risks, for both developed and developing countries; • Scale up new nature-based solutions (NBSs) to improve health and in crease resilience of ocean ecosystems; and • Investigate the cumulative impacts of land-based pollution, including plastic waste, microplastics, and fertilizer run-off, on ecosystem health and resilience of urban seas.
|
From page 47... ...
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY reefs The Coral Reef Sentinels food A Call for Health Diagnostics to Preserve Feeding 10 Billion Coral Reefs Future Fisheries in a Changing World Plant a Million Corals SEAFood with Healthy Oceans Reef Solutions TOPS3 The TeleConnected Reef Meeting Protein & Energy Needs for 10 Billion People while Restoring Oceans coasts Ecological Forecasts for a Rapidly Changing Coastal ecosystem seagrass & kelp Ocean Net Ecosystem Nature-Based Nutrient Reduction Improvement for Seagrass Restoration PERSEUS biodiversity Developing Thermally Tolerant Marine Life 2030 Kelp Broodstock The Endless Dive deep sea microbes iDOOS Development of Health Challenger150 Indices for Microbe genomics Twilight Zone Dominated Ocean Systems A Global eDNA Monitoring System Seascape Genomics of North Pacific Forage Fishes FIGURE 2.2 Visualization of select Ocean-Shot concepts relevant to The Restored and Sustainable Ocean. NOTE: Acronyms are defined in Table 2.4.
|
From page 48... ...
Development of Health Indices for Microbe-Dominated Ocean Systems Nature-Based Nutrient Reduction for Seagrass Restoration UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actionsa Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) (Decade Programme 129)
|
From page 49... ...
Sustainability, Predictability and Resilience of Marine Ecosystems (SUPREME) (Decade Programme 118)
|
From page 50... ...
The goal of the workshop will be to identify research opportunities that will help design and evaluate solutions that meet the three goals: to protect effectively, produce sustainably, and prosper equitably. Potential topics could include the following: • Linking of new classes of ecosystem measurements to coupled natural–hu man management models to better inform ecosystem-based management; • Incorporation of Indigenous knowledge into the restoration and protection of coastal ecosystems and into the fishing and aquaculture processes that rely on these ecosystems; • Diversification of participation, target species, and production systems in the aquaculture industry; • Adaptive management of social-ecological systems that enables both ecosystem and economic services in a changing ocean to ensure resilient coastal communities; • Identification of educational opportunities to promote ocean literacy and equitable access to ocean science and resources; • Demonstration projects for ecosystem-based resource management and habitat restoration to reduce coastal flood impacts; and • Strategies for fishery management that incorporate climate-driven envi ronmental change to foster sustainable practices and food security.
|
From page 51... ...
and then develop a bold and transformative program to achieve this end state. Representatives of the foundational themes will participate in the development and execution of the workshop to assist in incorporating their findings into the workshop design.
|
From page 52... ...
Adverse impacts of emissions on the ocean manifest in a number of ways and on a wide range of time scales, including ocean acidification; deoxygenation; shifts in circulation; strengthening of extreme events fueled by oceanic conditions, such as marine heat waves or hurricanes; and sea level rise. These changes, in turn, affect marine ecosystems either directly (e.g., coral reef bleaching, migration of fish populations)
|
From page 53... ...
This will also make it possible to anticipate changes caused by extraction of minerals and develop ways in which to sustainably manage or mitigate such changes. Ocean Solutions for Climate Resilience will examine two components of the extensive intersection between the ocean and climate: (1)
|
From page 54... ...
To achieve resilience, climate mitigation and adaptation efforts are required, considering pace, scale, feasibility, and innovation while also addressing the potential environmental impacts and developing sustainable practices for implementation. Decade Challenges and Outcomes Addressed Ocean Solutions for Climate Resilience addresses several of the UN Ocean Decade challenges and outcomes including Challenge 5: "Unlock ocean-based solutions to climate change - Enhance understanding of the ocean-climate nexus and generate knowledge and solutions to mitigate, adapt and build resilience to the effects of climate change across all geographies and at all scales, and to improve services including predictions for the ocean, climate and weather"; Challenge 6: "Increase community resilience to ocean hazards - Enhance multi-hazard early warning services for all geophysical, ecological, biological, weather, climate and anthropogenic related ocean and coastal hazards, and mainstream community preparedness and resilience"; Outcome 2: "A healthy and resilient ocean where marine ecosystems are understood, protected, restored and managed"; Outcome 3: "A productive ocean supporting sustainable food supply and a sustainable ocean economy"; and Outcome 4: "A predicted ocean where society understands and can respond to changing ocean conditions" (UNESCO-IOC, 2021a)
|
From page 55... ...
: Ocean Storminess at the Western Boundary and Its Impacts on Shelf/Slope Environment and Ecosystems Measuring Global Mean Sea Level Changes With Surface Drifting Buoys A Global Network of Surface Platforms for the Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) Navigating the Ocean's Role in Carbon Dioxide Removal A Real-Time Global Rivers Observatory Super Sites for Advancing Understanding of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers Mining Five Centuries of Climate and Maritime Weather Data from Historic Records Why Paleoceanographic Observations are Needed to Improve Future Climate Projections OceanPredict.US A Sensor Network for Mixing at the Ocean's Bottom Boundary UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actionsa Global Ecosystem for Ocean Solutions (GEOS)
|
From page 56... ...
• Promote research into ocean-based renewable energy production (includ ing offshore wind, wave energy, tidal energy, ocean-based solar photovol taics, ocean current, and ocean thermal energy conversion) that includes assessment of the social and environmental impacts and comprehensive analyses of material flows involved in renewable technologies.
|
From page 57... ...
what you cannot observe, an important component is the completion and maintenance of a comprehensive observing system, along with formal synthesis frameworks in order to monitor, quantify, detect, understand, and predict human-induced system changes. This addresses information needs in other themes, in particular The Restored and Sustainable Ocean and The Ocean Revealed.
|
From page 58... ...
Topics could include technological progress and transferable technology at the global level; environmental trade-offs of renewable energy that are sus tainable and maintain a healthy ocean; and feasibility, export market, job creation, and environmental impact for suitable coastal zones around the world. • Development of the scientific basis, engineering solutions, and social economic impacts of coastal adaptation, including approaches to respond to sea level rise and coastal flooding.
|
From page 59... ...
. Coastal areas generally have high sensitivity to climate change including sea level rise and coastal flooding, rising water temperatures, acidification, and coastal storms.
|
From page 60... ...
Healthy Urban Seas will focus on the activities and changes in these constrained and highly populated regions, all of which are magnified by climate change. Careful design of experiments to capture and understand the impacts of human activities will yield information on mechanisms that could be employed for increasing the health and resilience of urban seas.
|
From page 61... ...
In particular, this theme addresses Challenge 2: "Protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity - Understand the effects of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems and develop solutions to monitor, protect, manage and restore ecosystems and their biodiversity under changing environmental, social and climate conditions"; Challenge 4: "Develop a sustainable and equitable ocean economy - Generate knowledge, support innovation and develop solutions for equitable and sustainable development of the ocean economy under changing environmental, social and climate conditions"; Challenge 5: "Unlock ocean-based solutions to climate change - Enhance understanding of the oceanclimate nexus and generate knowledge and solutions to mitigate, adapt and build resilience to the effects of climate change across all geographies and at all scales, and to improve services including predictions for the ocean, climate and weather"; Challenge 6: "Increase community resilience to ocean hazards - Enhance multi-hazard early warning services for all geophysical, ecological, biological, weather-, climate- and anthropogenic-related ocean and coastal hazards, and mainstream community preparedness and resilience"; Challenge 9: "Skills, knowledge and technology for all - Ensure comprehensive capacity development and equitable access to data, information, knowledge and technology across all aspects of ocean science and for all stakeholders"; and Challenge 10: "Change humanity's relationship with the ocean - Ensure that the multiple values and
|
From page 62... ...
. It also presents a "laboratory" for implementing the foundational themes of An Inclusive and Equitable Ocean and An Ocean of Data.
|
From page 63... ...
(Decade Project 43) An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science (Decade Programme 9)
|
From page 64... ...
• Equipping of ocean-going vessels coming in and out of our major seaports to collect data as part of a network of global ocean observation. Potential Next Steps A workshop to identify research opportunities that would benefit the health of urban seas and adjacent communities could be organized around topics or could focus on a specific urban port to highlight key issues such as the following: • Opportunities and approaches for engaging coastal urban populations in the co-development of research priorities; • Development and testing of new sensors and platforms (e.g., point pollu tion, repeat sampling drones)
|
From page 65... ...
This could inform the design of infrastructure for coastal resilience. • Measurable improvements in urban sea health through mitigation of pol lution sources.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.