Frameworks for Protecting Workers and the Public from Inhalation Hazards (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Study Approach and Methods
Appendix A: Study Approach and Methods
Pages 371-394
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From page 371... ...
This committee was charged with making recommendations for a framework of responsibilities and authorities that would provide a unified and authoritative source of information and effective oversight for the development, approval, and use of respiratory protection. The committee's report presents an overview of considerations and needs for use of respiratory protective devices by the public and certain worker groups, along with conclusions and recommendations to address the need for oversight and guidance related to respiratory protection.
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From page 372... ...
public meetings with sessions on third-party testing and certification of respiratory protective devices, models for federal agency roles and structures for coordinating crossagency activities, and processes and systems for evaluating infectious agents transmissible by inhalation routes and determining the need for public use of respiratory protection; (3) a request to NIOSH for information on considerations regarding use of third-party testing laboratories and voluntary consensus standards; (4)
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From page 373... ...
Clarifying Questions on the Statement of Task SESSION II Context for the Study and Discussion of Study Scope Session Objective: To provide additional context for the study, including an overview of the current regulatory environment for respiratory protective devices, with a focus on variable processes for conformity assessment and diversity of key stakeholders.
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From page 374... ...
U.S. and International Approaches to Conformity Assessment of Respiratory Protective Devices Colleen Miller National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2:05 p.m.
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From page 375... ...
Perspectives from the Environmental Protection Agency Wayne Cascio Director, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Environmental Protection Agency 10:55 a.m. Respiratory Protection Needs During a Radiological Emergency Armin Ansari Radiological Assessment Team Lead, Radiation and Chemical Branch National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 11:05 a.m.
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From page 376... ...
Discussion with the Committee 12:45 p.m. Moderated Panel Discussion: Communicating with Diverse Populations Fairfax County Health Department's Outreach Team Kirsten Buchner Jennifer Chuong Carla Paredes-Gomez Zubair Saeed Nikkia Wilkens Binbin Yang 1:20 p.m.
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From page 377... ...
Chan School of Public Health 1:55 p.m. Understanding the Needs of Specific Worker Populations Kathleen Navarro Research Industrial Hygienist National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Julie Sorensen Director Northeast Center for Occupational Health and Safety Nancy Zuniga Workers Health Program Manager Institute of Popular Education of Southern California Robyn Robbins Director, Occupational Safety and Health Office United Food and Commercial Workers International Union Mark Catlin Industrial Hygienist MDC Consulting and Training Jonathan Rosen Principal Consultant AJ Rosen & Associates 2:30 p.m.
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From page 378... ...
ET OPEN SESSION 11:00 a.m. Welcome and Introductions Jonathan Samet, Committee Chair Dean and Professor Colorado School of Public Health
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From page 379... ...
ADJOURN PUBLIC SESSION Sixth Committee Meeting Public Agenda Friday, July 9, 2021 11:30 a.m.–2:00 p.m.
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From page 380... ...
11:40 a.m. Potential Roles of Third-Party Certification in Conformity Assessment for Respiratory Protection Tricia Hock Director, Certification Operations Safety Equipment Institute Ganesh Rao Global Director UL LLC 11:55 a.m.
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From page 381... ...
Joshua Sharfstein Vice Dean for Public Health Practice and Community Engagement Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Richard Serino Distinguished Senior Fellow Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Current Federal Agency Leadership Panel Maryann D'Alessandro Director National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Erika Sasser Director Health and Environmental Impacts Division Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Environmental Protection Agency
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From page 382... ...
Current Processes for Determining the Need for Public Use of Respiratory Protective Devices for Infectious Inhalation Hazards Michael Bell Deputy Director, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CAPT Lisa Delaney Associate Director, Emergency Preparedness and Response Program National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CAPT Marie De Perio Senior Medical Advisor, Office of the Director National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 3:55 p.m. Closing Remarks 4:00 p.m.
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From page 383... ...
This review effort included the collection of highly cited, foundational articles related to filtration efficiency, breathing resistance, fit, comfort, and usability of respiratory protective devices to provide contextual information for the discussion of findings from the comprehensive reviews. Targeted research also included nonexhaustive collection of public- and worker-oriented guidance from authoritative sources (e.g., federal agencies, national-level unions, and prominent workers organizations)
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From page 384... ...
• Outdoor workers ᵒ Air pollution ᵒ Wildfire smoke • Outdoor workers ᵒ Noncommunicable biological agents • Indoor workers ᵒ Noncommunicable biological agents ᵒ Communicable biological agents • Public ᵒ Air pollution ᵒ Wildfire smoke ᵒ Noncommunicable biological agents ᵒ Communicable biological agents The differentiation of indoor workers and outdoor workers for the purposes of the literature searches was driven by the matrix of priority populations and hazards (see Table 1-1) , but the committee acknowledges that these distinctions are not always relevant and that many workers perform job functions (and are exposed to inhalation hazards)
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From page 385... ...
Research Goal and Factors of Interest The purpose of the 10 individual literature reviews was not to assess the evidence of the effectiveness of respiratory protective devices as measured by distal health outcomes, but rather to review the state of the evidence on the spectrum of factors within the system of respiratory protection (see Figure 1-4 in Chapter 1) that influence the effectiveness of such devices for their intended use.
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From page 386... ...
386 PROTECTING WORKERS AND PUBLIC FROM INHALATION HAZARDS TABLE A-1 Articles Captured and Remaining After Screening for Relevance to the Review Topics ARTICLES CAPTURED DURING LITERATURE ARTICLES REMAINING USE SCENARIO SEARCH AFTER SCREENING Public and Wildfire Device Factors: 6 Device Factors: 0 Smoke User Factors: 13 User Factors: 5 System Factors: 17 System Factors: 15 Public and Air Pollution Device Factors: 133 Device Factors: 7 User Factors: 165 User Factors: 6 System Factors: 140 System Factors: 5 Public and Communicable Device Factors: 1,500 Device Factors: 35 Biological Agents User Factors: 2,744 User Factors: 72 System Factors: 2,940 System Factors: 54 Public and Device Factors: 53 Device Factors: 0 Noncommunicable User Factors: 82 User Factors: 2 Biological Agents System Factors: 71 System Factors: 1 Indoor Workers and Device Factors: 280 Device Factors: 1 Communicable Biological User Factors: 679 User Factors: 15 Agents System Factors: 667 System Factors: 5 Indoor Workers and Device Factors: 26 Device Factors: 3 Noncommunicable User Factors: 27 User Factors: 1 Biological Agents System Factors: 34 System Factors: 1 Outdoor Workers and Device Factors: 20 Device Factors: 3 Noncommunicable User Factors: 24 User Factors: 0 Biological Agents System Factors: 17 System Factors: 0 Outdoor Workers and Device Factors: 4 Device Factors: 0 Wildfire Smoke User Factors: 10 User Factors: 2 System Factors: 6 System Factors: 1 Outdoor Workers and Air Device Factors: 233 Device Factors: 7 Pollution User Factors: 169 User Factors: 7 System Factors: 139 System Factors: 12 Wildland Firefighters and Device Factors: 5 Device Factors: 8 Wildfire Smoke User Factors: 5 User Factors: 6 System Factors: 2 System Factors: 5
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From page 387... ...
Search Terms Respiratory protective devices: "Respiratory protection", respirator, facemask, mask, face cover* , filtering facepiece, FFR, N95, N-95, KN95, respiratory protective device, respiratory protective equipment, RPD, elastomeric respirator, particulate respirator, P2, P3, FFP2, FFP3, DS1 and respirator, DS2 and respirator, "community mask", "barrier mask", cloth mask, PAPR, APR, air purifying respirator, "breathing apparatus", SCBA Populations of interest: • Public: Public, general public, resident, citizen, non-occupational, pregnan*
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From page 388... ...
; H1N1; COVID-19; infectious aero sols; viral aerosols; viral droplets; bioaerosol; respiratory infection; TB, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Noncommunicable biological agents: mold; anthrax; aspergill* ; fun gal bioaerosol; Stachybotrys chartarum, black mold Respiratory protection factors: • Device factors: Performance, penetration, leakage, leak, resistance, protection factor, filter, loading, work rate, fit, "fit factor", pass rate, fit test panel, "fit capability", airflow, faceseal, face-seal, seal, strap, fabric, material, efficiency, filtration, stability, exertion, dead space, characteristics, features, anthropometr*
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From page 389... ...
Standards and guidance were collected through a search of the gray literature, including PPE-info, consensus standards organizations, and reports and webpages of federal agencies, labor unions, professional associations, and academic and nonprofit institutions. Additionally, a small, nonrandom sample of guidance was also collected from webpages of local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies and regional air quality agencies.
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From page 390... ...
Analysis of OSHA Citation Data As part of its efforts to understand the effectiveness and limitations of workplace respiratory protection programs (see Chapter 3) , and specifically, challenges related to compliance with the Respiratory Protection Standard, the committee initiated an analysis of OSHA data on violations issued between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, citing any provision of 1910.134(c)
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From page 391... ...
APPENDIX A 391 TABLE A-2 Frequency of OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard Citations by Industry Type (NAICS Code) NAICS CODE FREQUENCY PERCENT Accommodation and Food Services 21 0.7 Administrative and Support and 92 3.06 Waste Management and Remediation Services Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and 15 0.5 Hunting Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 50 1.67 Construction 538 17.92 Educational Services 6 0.2 Health Care and Social Assistance 144 4.8 Information 1 0.03 Manufacturing 1,428 47.55 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas 33 1.1 Extraction Other Services (except Public 315 10.49 Administration)
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From page 392... ...
TABLE A-4 Frequency of OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard Citations by Inspection Type INSPECTION TYPE FREQUENCY PERCENT Complaint 1536 51.15 Fatality/Catastrophe 149 4.96 Follow Up 54 1.8 Monitoring 4 0.13 Program Planned 641 21.35 Programmed Other 5 0.17 Programmed Related 54 1.8 Referral 420 13.99 Referral-Employer 39 1.3 Reported Unprogrammed Other 9 0.3 Unprogrammed Related 92 3.06 Total 3,003 100
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From page 393... ...
APPENDIX A 393 TABLE A-5 Summary Statistics on Penalties for OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard Citations PENALTY MEAN MEDIAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM Initial penalty $3,169.51 $2273.00 $0 $84,000 Current penalty $2119.60 $1485.00 $0 $34,691
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