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Pages 46-61

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From page 46...
... It is noteworthy that there are also low data latency needs with larger traditional space sensors observing both extreme weather and more typical weather conditions, and the supporting communication infrastructure, such as networks of ground stations, already exists. Two significant differences in the case of SmallSat constellations are (1)
From page 47...
... Commercial organizations are now advancing the deployable radar antenna technology demonstrated on RainCube for future science measurements as well as nonscience applications where radar measurements can be applied to situational awareness, surveillance, FIGURE 4.3  TEMPEST-D and RainCube Data. These missions image Typhoon Trami on September 28, 2018, from the International Space Station (ISS)
From page 48...
... As part of this demonstration in September 2021, Spire Global received a contract from NOAA to purchase commercial radio occultation data for satellite weather data delivery. These data will be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to reduce uncertainties in weather forecasting and will be shared with international meteorological organizations as well as the government.
From page 49...
... Ribó, and A Rius, 2019, Assessment of spaceborne GNSS-R ocean altimetry performance using CYGNSS mission raw data, Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 58(1)
From page 50...
... Ribó, and A Rius, 2019, Assessment of spaceborne GNSS-R ocean altimetry performance using CYGNSS mission raw data, Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 58(1)
From page 51...
... Numerous missions carrying a broad variety of increasingly sophisticated sensors routinely measure sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, surface winds and waves, surface currents, sea ice, sea level, and ocean color. These data allow improved knowledge about the role of the oceans on climate; on climate variability (e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO]
From page 52...
... The advent of commercial organizations that have the capacity to offer affordable, precise, and repeatable testing is emerging as a means to reliably support such services at large scale for the SmallSat instrument community. Hydrology For more than two decades, the hydrological science community has been using data provided by space-borne sensors.
From page 53...
... Moreover, the revisit time of current altimetry missions, of at best 10 days for the Jason mission series, does not match the desired daily or sub-daily temporal resolution required for river discharge estimates used for water resource management and flood forecasting.36 One way of increasing this revisit time can be achieved by launching SmallSat constellations. For example, a constellation of 10 SmallSats in the same orbital plane of a 10-day repeat orbit would allow a daily revisit time of a large number of rivers on Earth and a data latency of a few hours as needed for water resource management and water-related disasters forecasting.
From page 54...
... Workshop on Geohazards and Risks Studied from Earth Observations, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10712-020-09617-1. 41  European Space Agency, "Earth Observing Missions: Mission Navigator," https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_ observing_missions.
From page 55...
... Most of the infrastructure capabilities and processes required to sustain high-quality SmallSat constellation science measurements such as onboard processing capability, ground operational support, cybersecurity, supply chain security, safety and mission assurance, and interoperability standards will run in parallel with those of HSA (see Chapter 3)
From page 56...
... To summarize, in view of their shorter development phase, lower cost, increased temporal resolution, and other benefits, SmallSats are of growing relevance in various fields of the Earth sciences. However, they would not entirely replace larger missions owing to the inherent technical limitations that have been discussed.
From page 57...
... RECOMMENDATION: As part of its ongoing relationship with academic institutions the Office of Naval Research should examine emerging advanced sensor and associated technology opportunities that benefit future ocean science objectives and missions.45 45  This recommendation was edited after release to the sponsor to delete reference to the National Oceanographic Partnership Program. This clarifies that the committee is recommending that ONR take this step in support of its own objectives and missions.
From page 58...
... The nature of commercial services within a public–private partnership (PPP) contractual relationship is that a market needs to exist for such services outside the unique government customer and, accordingly, the market sets the price for the service rather than the government "making the market." If circumstances demand, however, commercial services can generally be customized to meet unique government customer needs at an added cost.
From page 59...
... Although other business arrangements exist, historically there are three major models typically used for government engagement of commercial services specific to space acquisition: (1) privatization, (2)
From page 60...
... Commercial Services, Products, and Data-Buys This model utilizes commercial services and products developed through private investment developing capabilities and providing services to the government as one of many customers. Growing engagement of the private investment community combined with increased demand by nongovernment customers is driving the New Space ecosystem in many new ways that are making products and services increasingly affordable.
From page 61...
... Repositories of information, such as this catalog and associated standardization approaches, could help government stakeholders and also enable brokers who are working to forge PPPs to connect to resource offerings from commercial industry. The original RSDO concept was developed to specifically support traditional government missions and, while a forerunner to the current New Space commercial paradigm, was not fully aligned to the reduced cost and schedule opportunities afforded by the emergence of multiple commercial satellite bus product lines.


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