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From page 1...
... , this report reviews the state of science on the sources and inputs, fate, exposure, and effects of UV filters in aquatic environments and the availability and applicability of data for conducting ERAs. It also reviews the epidemiological and clinical literature on the efficacy of sunscreen in preventing UV damage to human skin, the state of knowledge on potential human behavior changes, and the resulting health impacts related to skin cancer prevention from changes in sunscreen usage (e.g., reducing sunscreen use or switching to sunscreens with different active ingredients)
From page 2...
... However, disentangling tonnage estimates between sunscreens and other product uses, especially other personal care products, is challenging. From a review of multiple data sources, the committee found that the UV filters in most common use in personal care products marketed in the United States are avobenzone, homosalate, octinoxate, octocrylene, octisalate, oxybenzone, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide.
From page 3...
... The extent of UV filter removal at centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) depends on the chemical's affinity for association (e.g., biosorption)
From page 4...
... Organic UV filters with higher log Kows such as homosalate, meradimate, octocrylene, octinoxate, octisalate, and padimate O, as well as the inorganic UV filters titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, are most likely to be highly removed from the effluent. Studies have shown their presence in sewage solids that are collected and disposed of off-site (landfills, land applied, incinerated)
From page 5...
... Inorganic UV filters (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) are expected to aggregate in the water column and deposit into sediments.
From page 6...
... Measured concentrations do not necessarily reflect UV filters solely from sunscreen since they are present in a range of products, with other personal care products being the category of product most likely to have similar fates as sunscreens. REVIEW OF STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF UV FILTERS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS Laboratory toxicity tests are most widely used to provide the effects data required for ERAs.
From page 7...
... However, evidence is accumulating that oxidative stress, genotoxicity, neurotoxic, or endocrine modulation modes of action may be present for some of the UV filters. Few studies have investigated effects of UV filters on the ecosystem processes of nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, primary production, and species interactions.
From page 8...
... Among the global predominant stressors on aquatic ecosystems, increasing temperature has been shown to be a major stressor on its own, but it is also known to exacerbate the effects of toxicants and is important to consider when assessing effects and risks from UV filters in aquatic environments. SUNSCREEN EFFICACY AND USE FOR HUMAN HEALTH Exposure to UVR causes sunburn and photoaging in human skin and is a risk factor for the development of skin cancers, both keratinocyte carcinomas and melanomas.
From page 9...
... There are only a few empirical publications that report on consumer attitudes and knowledge about potential effects on aquatic environments, including coral reefs. POTENTIAL CHANGES TO SUNSCREEN USE AND THE HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES Restrictions on certain UV filters may have negative impacts on the use of sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, sunburn, and photoaging if they lead to reduced sunscreen usage.
From page 10...
... The following points are critical for conducting an ERA for UV filters: • The ERA is expected to include information from acute and chronic toxicity studies with standard test species and life stages, methodologies, and biological endpoints. However, nonstandard species and additional biological endpoints should also be considered given the diversity of important ecological species potentially exposed to UV filters and the potential for adverse effects not captured in standard test protocols (e.g., corals and their unique endpoints related to bleaching)
From page 11...
... . As understanding of the linkages between UV radiation exposure, sunburns, skin cancer, and other health implications gradually evolved throughout the twentieth century, so did the availability of multiple, new, photoprotective ingredients and formulations to the sunscreen product market (Stiefel and Schwack, 2015)


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