Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 105-122
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From page 105... ...
, and EPA (2016b) , which are representative of standard test guidelines addressing bioaccumulation potential.
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c 2.476 (salicylate) c Cinoxate 104-28-9 250.28 -- 2.6546c Not available 26.2 Meradimate 134-09-8 275.4 -- 6.2783c Not available 6,448 Titanium dioxide 13463-67-7 79.87 -- -- Not applicable -- Zinc oxide 1314-13-2 81.4 -- -- Not applicable -- ahttps://echa.europa.eu/ bBCFBAF 3.01 (EPI SuiteTM version 2012)
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From page 107... ...
and can be considered as likely to bioaccumulate above threshold values for regulation in the absence of definitive bioaccumulation data from well conducted laboratory studies or evidence of high rates of metabolism. It is therefore unsurprising that these compounds are also studied in laboratory environments to provide experimental log Kow and bioconcentration data (see section on Laboratory-based Tissue Concentration Studies)
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From page 108... ...
during studies of tissue concentrations from natural seawater environments. While oxybenzone metabolism has been demonstrated, it does not always yield detectable levels of metabolites when studied.
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BIOACCUMULATION AND MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS OF UV FILTERS IN BIOTA 109 FIGURE 5.2 Various degradation products of oxybenzone detected in gilt fish bream (Sparus aurata) bile, plasma, liver, muscle, and gill.
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Because lipophilicity is an important factor in interpreting bioaccumulation, the preferred expression of experimental tissue concentrations is lipid normalized wet weight. Studies can either be performed to empirical steady state followed by depuration to understand the toxicokinetics of the compound, or first order uptake and depuration rate constants can be experimentally determined with the ratio deriving the BCF estimate.
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(2021) on the mussel Mytilus edulis indicate bioaccumulation of this UV filter is low and, in many instances, tissue concentrations were nondetectable.
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normalized) Octocrylenea Procambarus clarkii 42 d uptake Water BCF: 187 ± 131 L/kg, DW, lipid normalized He et al., 2021b (red swamp crayfish)
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From page 113... ...
was too short to achieve steady state; too few organisms were used to assess variability; the study lacked time course data to determine kinetic rates; exposures were excessively variable; and exposures were in the range of acute and chronic toxicity. Laboratory studies, in general, were substantially less abundant in literature than field studies of tissue concentrations (see Appendix D)
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From page 114... ...
. While documentation of tissue concentrations is an important and relevant endeavor, no study available from the literature adequately quantifies tissue burdens alongside exposure concentrations in aquatic food, water, or sediment in a manner conducive to calculating BAFs, BCFs, BMFs, or TMFs (trophic magnification factor)
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From page 115... ...
Octocrylene The laboratory-based BCFs of 830–880 L/kg (lipid normalized wet weight) were associated with tissue concentrations of ~900–8,600 ng/g (Pawlowski et al., 2019)
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Several coral species (Favites abdita, Porites spp., Platygyra acuta, Pavona decussata, and Acropora valida) were evaluated with respect to octocrylene accumulation in wet and dry seasons of coastal Hong Kong (Tsui et al., 2017)
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; however, gut contents were not evacuated, likely confounding tissue concentration estimates. The highest values for padimate O were recorded in dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia guianensis)
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(2017) investigated tissue concentrations of homosalate in several crayfish species collected from the field.
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From page 119... ...
BIOACCUMULATION AND MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS OF UV FILTERS IN BIOTA 119 Knowledge Gap: Based on low BCFs for UV filters, trophic magnification (e.g., biomagnification) is not likely; however, additional research investigating biomagnification in food webs specifically is warranted.
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From page 121... ...
, laboratory toxicity tests, mesocosm studies, and field studies. Information on effects from these various sources is combined with information on exposure to evaluate environmental risk.
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From page 122... ...
In cases for which an SSD cannot be developed due to insufficient information, specific acute and chronic values are chosen. Toxicity tests for evaluating chemicals in commerce are typically conducted for standard test species and specific life stages for which there are published guidelines, such as those developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development1 (OECD)
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