Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 11-20
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From page 11... ...
. Concern about potential environmental impacts has led to the ban of some active ingredients in sunscreen products, including a legislated ban on the sale and distribution of sun protection products containing the UV filters oxybenzone or octinoxate in the state of Hawaii without a prescription (Hawaii SB 2571, Act 104)
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From page 12... ...
fund a study by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on the environmental impact of currently marketed sunscreens in the United States. This study would review the scientific literature about the potential risks to the aquatic environment from currently marketed sunscreen active ingredients as well as the potential public health implications associated with reduced use of currently marketed sunscreen ingredients for protection against ultraviolet radiation.
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From page 13... ...
Chapter 6 reviews potential effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystems and summarizes the toxicity data of utility for an ERA. Section 2 of the statement of task -- a review of health benefits of sunscreens, potential changes in sunscreen usage based on environmental concerns or changes in availability of certain ingredients, and potential resulting health effects -- is included in Chapter 7.
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From page 14... ...
3. Effects Analysis: identify potential effects of UV filters on aquatic organisms, including potential for endocrine disruption, photo-activation, and other reported effects on molecular, cellular, organismal, population, and/or community-level endpoints; identify organisms that are listed (Endangered Species Act)
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From page 15... ...
The report also does not address the inactive ingredients TABLE 1.1 UV Filters Currently Marketed in the United States Common Names International Nomenclature Cosmetic Abbreviations Found in (Used in Report) Ingredient (INCI)
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From page 16... ...
Thus, an ERA would identify particular exposure settings in which sunscreens could be the cause of ecological impacts -- such as the concentrations of the UV filters, the physical and chemical properties that affect their partitioning, bioavailability, bioaccumulation and persistence in the environment, and hydrodynamic properties that influence their residence time in a particular location -- that may be expected to occur. Additionally, standardized toxicological test methods have been developed to ensure comparability and appropriateness of data for use in ERAs, especially in a regulatory setting, though nonstandard toxicity tests also provide ERA-relevant data (e.g., additional nonstandard test species or biological effect endpoints)
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From page 17... ...
REGULATION OF SUNSCREENS IN THE UNITED STATES Currently Marketed Sunscreens The scope of ingredients under review in this report is driven by the regulatory setting for sunscreens in the United States, where they are regulated by FDA as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
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From page 18... ...
Under the Clean Water Act, EPA recommends national ambient water quality criteria for pollutants for adoption by states and tribes based on the highest concentration of a pollutant in water so that it is not expected to pose a risk to the majority of aquatic species or to humans. The Endangered Species Act requires that no federal actions, such as the determination of water quality criteria, jeopardize species listed as threatened or endangered or destroy or adversely modify their habitat.
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From page 19... ...
Non-regulatory control measures have included education campaigns1 and free sunscreen dispensers at beaches for formulations assumed to have minimal or no environmental impact.2 DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN DECISION MAKING As part of the review of the literature, the committee considered not only the availability but also the utility of the information available for the purposes of conducting ERAs and assessments of the potential impact of changes in sunscreen usage on human health. Considerations for utility for use in an ERA fall into two primary categories: reliability (an assessment of the study's repeatability based on strength of documentation)
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