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Pages 12-21

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From page 12...
... This approach has raised questions, though, about the potential human health implications resulting from reduced availability of sunscreens with some widely used UV filter ingredients, and messaging about sunscreens overall. This report reflects the twofold nature of the sunscreen challenge: Sunscreen is used as a critical tool for the prevention of UV skin damage and skin cancer; however, specific UV filter ingredients may also impact the health of aquatic environments, resident species, or ecosystem services.
From page 13...
... Chapter 6 reviews potential effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystems and summarizes the toxicity data of utility for an ERA. Section 2 of the statement of task -- a review of health benefits of sunscreens, potential changes in sunscreen usage based on environmental concerns or changes in availability of certain ingredients, and potential resulting health effects -- is included in Chapter 7.
From page 14...
... 2. Exposure Analysis: identify sources and relative quantities of UV filters entering the variety of aquatic environments (e.g., estuary, lake, coral reef)
From page 15...
... benzoate EDP, ODPABA, OD-PABA Sulisobenzone Benzophenone-4 5-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene- BP-4, SSB 1-sulfonic acid Trolamine salicylate Triethanolamine salt of salicylate or TEA 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid -- 2,2',2"- TEAS salicylate nitrilotri(ethan-1-ol) Inorganic UV Filters Titanium dioxidec Titanium dioxide Bis(oxido)
From page 16...
... Thus, an ERA would identify particular exposure settings in which sunscreens could be the cause of ecological impacts -- such as the concentrations of the UV filters, the physical and chemical properties that affect their partitioning, bioavailability, bioaccumulation and persistence in the environment, and hydrodynamic properties that influence their residence time in a particular location -- that may be expected to occur. Additionally, standardized toxicological test methods have been developed to ensure comparability and appropriateness of data for use in ERAs, especially in a regulatory setting, though nonstandard toxicity tests also provide ERA-relevant data (e.g., additional nonstandard test species or biological effect endpoints)
From page 17...
... INTRODUCTION 17 FIGURE 1.2  Visualization of tiers of information used in ERAs (stylized following Cairns et al., 1979)
From page 18...
... . The proposed 2019 monograph identified zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (in any form)
From page 19...
... Physical chemistry is known to drive many environmental attributes and as such, these have been standardized in addition to guidance for toxicity testing variables under the auspices of both regulatory (e.g., EPA) and non-regulatory (e.g., OECD, ISO, ASTM)
From page 21...
... Production and sales data are a typical starting point for understanding the scales at which UV filters may enter the environment and establish a need for further investigation. Additionally, UV filters can be found in more products than sunscreen, including other personal care products as well as a wide range of other consumer and industrial products, which may contribute to environmental inputs.


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