Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
8 Conclusions and Recommendations
8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Pages 181-194
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From page 181... ...
Although the committee was not tasked with conducting an ERA, this report provides summaries of the information that may be useful when assessing the ecological risks of UV filters. The report provides a state of knowledge summary and identifies data gaps pertinent to (1)
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From page 182... ...
The most information is available for the inorganic UV filters, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, though there are still gaps in knowledge, especially for marine species. The amount and quality of information available varies among the organic UV filters, with the benzophenones, particularly oxybenzone having received the most attention, and others having almost no data available to review beyond assessments based on their physico-chemical properties (aminobenzoic acid, cinoxate, meradimate, trolamine salicylate)
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From page 183... ...
2. Environmental Occurrence: Measurements of UV filters in surface waters and sediments along with modeling efforts reveal spatially and temporally variable patterns, some of which have been shown to reflect the degree of human activity locally present (i.e., recreation)
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From page 184... ...
Relative photostability Organic UV filters: H: [Half- M H Insuf- H Insuf- L (lab data) life > 12 hrs]
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From page 185... ...
L L L L L M L H Insuf- L L ficient informa tion Insuf- M L H H H H H Insuf- Photostable Photostable ficient ficient informa- information tion M Insufficient L L H L L M Insuf- NA NA informa- ficient tion informa tion L L L L L M L H H Very slow Tends to disas disassocia- sociate tion M L L L L M L H H NA NA M H H H H M H L L NA NA Y No data Y Y Y Y N N No data Y Y 2 of 46 -- 3 of 92 1 of 35 7 of 79 16 of 0 of 49 1 of 30 -- commonly commonly > 122 > 1 μg/L 1 μg/L in the in the few few available available studies studies Beach area -- Beach Rivers/ Beach Beach -- -- -- Rivers/ Rivers/ beach area beach area area area beach area area N No data Y N Y N Y No data No data Y but not Y but not specific to specific to UV UV filters filters 0 of 18 -- 7 of 40 0 of 16 8 of 38 0 of 44 1 of 21 -- -- -- -- continued
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From page 186... ...
out of data data data the several hundred where the analyte was measured] ERA-Applicable Effects Data on Whole Organisms Acute toxicity observed Yes/No/No data, with No data but Yes based No data but Yes and No and No data (L(E)
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From page 187... ...
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 187 TABLE 8.1 Continued M No data M No data H L L No data No data H H Y Insufficient Y Insufficient Y Y Y Insufficient Insufficient Insuffi- Y data data data data cient data No based No data but Yes No based Yes Yes based Yes based No and No data but Yes based Yes on studies ECOSAR based on on stud- based on studies on studies supported ECOSAR on studies based on but ECO- does stud- ies but on one and ECO- and ECO- by studies does not in the studies SAR indicate ies and ECOSAR study SAR SAR and ECO- indicate presence acute toxic- ECO- suggests and SAR acute tox- of UV suggests ity below SAR potential ECO- icity below radiation potential 1,000 µg/l for acute SAR; 1,000 µg/l for toxicity highly variable acute toxicity Not avail- Not avail- Avail- Available Avail- Available Available Available Not avail- Available Avail able able able able and SSD able able and con- SSD structed con structed Insuf- No data Yes Yes Yes Yes Insufficient Yes No data No Yes ficient (no aquatic species) Yes No data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No data Yes Yes Yes No data Yes No data Yes Yes No data No data No data Yes Yes NOTES: Color coding reflects relative magnitudes of entries.
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From page 188... ...
Avobenzone: Half-life highly depends on molecular-scale interactions, partitions to organic materials, found above > 1 µg/L in 4 of 32 reviewed studies (12.5 percent) .a Highest concentrations in surface waters off beaches,b moderate potential to be present in WWTP effluent, higher potential for bioaccumulation; most ERA relevant acute toxicity endpoints have been derived for exposure levels > 1,000 µg/Lc although most are above solubility limits.
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From page 189... ...
with highest concentrations in surface waters off beaches, moderate potential to be present in WWTP effluent, lower potential for bioaccumulation but has been detected in organisms, despite its inclusion in sediment studies (44 reviewed) it is not found in sediments above 100 ng/g; acute effects on ERA-relevant endpoints in a number of species at exposure levels < 1,000 µg/L, data are available on chronic effects, supporting data are available for modes of action and other biological responses.
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From page 190... ...
Zinc oxide: This is a metal oxide solid placed in sunscreen in macro and nano particulate forms and as such will have characteristics different from organic compounds. Effectively removed by and low potential to be present in WWTP effluent, no environmental degradation but aggregation and dissolution of particles into the ionic form of zinc in the environment, can exceed 1 µg/L in surface waters with higher elevations noted in rivers and beach areas, potential for bioaccumulation supported by tissue studies, aggregates will deposit in sediments, effects on apical endpoints exhibit a wide range including effects at concentrations < 1,000 µg/L can be due to particulate or dissolution of the particulate internal or external to the organism, some data on chronic effects are available, data are available for modes of action and other biological responses.
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From page 191... ...
Acute effects are inflammation, usually referred to as sunburn. Chronic effects include malignant melanoma, basal cell and squamous cell cancers, photoaging, and a host of precancerous changes to the skin.
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From page 192... ...
The initial screening step can help prioritize UV filters for further evaluation and help guide data collection efforts needed to reduce uncertainties that impact reliable risk management decisions. To this end, there are compelling reasons to prioritize efforts to reduce data gaps, based on physico-chemical and toxicological properties, or in some cases, a near-complete lack of information.
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From page 193... ...
Coordination among these organizations would improve collection of the various types of relevant data needed for an ecological risk assessment. Future research should adhere to international or national standards where applicable for analytical chemistry and toxicological studies, and follow accepted principles for ensuring good quality information from testing and measurement protocols, report their methodologies, and undergo scientific peer review of both protocols and findings for quality assurance.
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