Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 184-196
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From page 184... ...
184 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of UV Filters Organic UV Filters Aminobenzoic acid Dioxybenzone Avobenzone Ensulizole Ecamsule Cinoxate Characteristic Legend UV Filter Production and Formulation Considerations Relative production H: > 1000 mt/y; M: 100– L M L M L L amounts for use in per- 1000 mt/y; L: < 100 mt/y sonal care products UV range coverage (for UVA1: 340–400 nm, UVB UVA1 UVB UVA2, UVA1, UVB use in a mixture) UVA2: 320–340 nm, UVB: UVB UVA2 290–320 nm Formulation consider- Not in use Photo- Not in Propriations unstable; apparent etary use requires use via New emollients; Drug Ap destabilizes plication octinoxate Environmental Fate & Exposure Likelihood to be pres- H: > 10% removal; M: 10% H M H M Insuf- H ent in WWTP effluent to 90% removal; L: > 90% ficient after at least secondary removal informatreatment (based upon tion EPI SuiteTM and observations for inorganic UV filter)
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From page 185... ...
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 185 TABLE 8.1 Continued Inorganic UV Filters Trolamine salicylate Titanium dioxide Sulisobenzone Oxybenzone Octocrylene Meradimate Homosalate Padimate O Octinoxate Zinc oxide Octisalate H L M H H M L H L M M UVB UVA2 UVB UVB UVB UVA2, UVB UVA2, UVB UVB, UVB, UVA1, UVB UVB UVA2 UVA2 Low Low Low Can Requires Not in Reduced Reduced effective- effective- effective- stabilize emol- use cosmetic cosmetic appeal ness; can ness; not ness; can other lients appeal at at effective stabilize in apparent stabilize filters effective concentrations and dis- use and dis- concentra- in non-nano solve other solve other tion s in forms. filters filters non-nano forms.
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From page 186... ...
out of data data data the several hundred where the analyte was measured] ERA-Applicable Effects Data on Whole Organisms Acute toxicity observed Yes/No/No data, with No data but Yes based No data but Yes and No and No data (L(E)
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From page 187... ...
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 187 TABLE 8.1 Continued M No data M No data H L L No data No data H H Y Insufficient Y Insufficient Y Y Y Insufficient Insufficient Insuffi- Y data data data data cient data No based No data but Yes No based Yes Yes based Yes based No and No data but Yes based Yes on studies ECOSAR based on on stud- based on studies on studies supported ECOSAR on studies based on but ECO- does stud- ies but on one and ECO- and ECO- by studies does not in the studies SAR indicate ies and ECOSAR study SAR SAR and ECO- indicate presence acute toxic- ECO- suggests and SAR acute tox- of UV suggests ity below SAR potential ECO- icity below radiation potential 1,000 µg/l for acute SAR; 1,000 µg/l for toxicity highly variable acute toxicity Not avail- Not avail- Avail- Available Avail- Available Available Available Not avail- Available Avail able able able able and SSD able able and con- SSD structed con structed Insuf- No data Yes Yes Yes Yes Insufficient Yes No data No Yes ficient (no aquatic species) Yes No data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No data Yes Yes Yes No data Yes No data Yes Yes No data No data No data Yes Yes NOTES: Color coding reflects relative magnitudes of entries.
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From page 188... ...
Avobenzone: Half-life highly depends on molecular-scale interactions, partitions to organic materials, found above > 1 µg/L in 4 of 32 reviewed studies (12.5 percent) .a Highest concentrations in surface waters off beaches,b moderate potential to be present in WWTP effluent, higher potential for bioaccumulation; most ERA relevant acute toxicity endpoints have been derived for exposure levels > 1,000 µg/Lc although most are above solubility limits.
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From page 189... ...
; acute toxicity for ERA-relevant endpoints reported in a number of species at levels < 1,000 µg/L and below solubility limits, data available on chronic effects, supporting data are available on modes of action and other biological responses. Octisalate: Mixed potential for extended presence in environment as a consequence of lower photodeg radation but higher biodegradation, lower potential for water exposure with no concentrations exceeding 1 µg/L in 35 studies, lower potential to be in WWTP effluent as it partitions to organics, no estimates of bioaccumulation potential with limited data on presence in organisms, only 16 sediment studies were re viewed with a high value of 43 ng/g, data on effects are limited, acute toxicity for ERA-relevant endpoints have not been observed at concentrations < 1,000 µg/L, data on chronic effects are available, supporting data are available on modes of action and other biological responses.
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From page 190... ...
Effectively removed during wastewater treatment and occurs in low concentrations (< 10 µg/L) in WWTP effluent, no environmental degradation but aggregation with particles in surface waters, can exceed 1 µg/L in surface waters with higher concentrations noted in rivers and beach areas, potential for bioaccumulation but limited data on tissue levels, aggregates will deposit in sediments, effects on apical endpoints are greater than 1,000 µg/L in acute laboratory toxicity tests for the nano form and ten-fold or more higher for the macro form and less than 1,000 µg/L for chronic assays.
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From page 191... ...
The burden of skin cancers in terms of disease, death, and health care costs is high and melanoma rates are increasing. Also, there are specific photosensitive conditions for which exposure to UV radiation is more harmful.
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From page 192... ...
Food and Drug Administration for their consideration of the environment in their oversight of UV filters. The following points are critical for conducting an ERA for UV filters: • The ERA is expected to include information from acute and chronic toxicity studies with standard test species and life stages, methodologies, and biological endpoints.
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From page 193... ...
This may include new national/international standards for toxicity testing on relevant species and the addition of non-traditional biological endpoints for acute and chronic toxicity. Public access and transparency in all data and research outcomes is critical for assurance of public and environmental health.
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From page 195... ...
is a principal at Exponent. He was the global executive director for the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry from 2014 to 2020.
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From page 196... ...
He is the founder and the former chair of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Project Committee on Animal Alternative Needs in Environmental Risk Assessment, a consortium of approximately 100 academic, industry, regulatory, and nongovernmental organization scientists, and presently serves as a member of the HESI Board of Trustees, a 501(c)
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