Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
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2 Introduction to Sunscreens and Their UV Filters
2 Introduction to Sunscreens and Their UV Filters
Pages 21-36
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From page 21... ...
Production and sales data are a typical starting point for understanding the scales at which UV filters may enter the environment and establish a need for further investigation. Additionally, UV filters can be found in more products than sunscreen, including other personal care products as well as a wide range of other consumer and industrial products, which may contribute to environmental inputs.
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From page 22... ...
. In contrast to organic UV filters that have fixed chemical structures, inorganic UV filters have a wide variety of shapes with differing aspect ratios from spherical to elongated tubular shapes and may be composed of hybrid mineral structures that include aggregates of particles or films coating the active UV filter.
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From page 23... ...
conclusions on the relative importance of degradation products in the context of UV filter exposure will be challenging and will likely rely on modeling to make projections of their relative metabolism, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicity potential. What is clear is that UV filters will be present as mixtures of parent compounds and their associated metabolites to some degree in nearly all environmental scenarios.
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From page 24... ...
. For the UV filters approved for use in the United States, ensulizole and ecamsule are the structural outliers in that their organic structures contain neither aromatic esters nor aromatic methoxy moieties.
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From page 25... ...
INTRODUCTION TO SUNSCREENS AND THEIR UV FILTERS 25 FIGURE 2.2 Chemical structures for organic UV filters available in the United States. SOURCE: Chemical structure images from ChemSpider.com.
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From page 26... ...
a (Weight per Volume) b Aminobenzoic acid UVB 15 Avobenzone UVA1 3 Cinoxate UVB 3 Dioxybenzone UVA2, UVB 3 Ecamsule UVA1, UVA2 Approved for specific formulations only Ensulizole UVB 4 Homosalate UVB 15 Meradimate UVA2 5 Octinoxate UVB 7.5 Octisalate UVB 5 Octocrylene UVB 10 Oxybenzone UVA2, UVB 6 Padimate O UVB 8 Sulisobenzone UVA2, UVB 10 TiO2 UVA2, UVB 25 Trolamine salicylate UVB 12 ZnO UVA1, UVA2, UVB 25 a Shaath (2007)
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From page 27... ...
However, photostability can be dependent on solvents and so may differ between aquatic environments and sunscreen formulations (Kockler et al., 2012; Serpone et al., 2002)
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From page 28... ...
to be used in sunscreen formulations. Notably, the photostability of avobenzone in sunscreen formulations can be improved by the inclusion of the UV filter octocrylene, though it can also be accomplished through the use of other stabilizers (Nash and Tanner, 2014)
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From page 29... ...
. Viewing UV filters as part of sunscreen formulations also has implications for understanding environmental risk.
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From page 30... ...
Additionally, measurements of occurrence in the environment do not provide information about the source of the UV filters -- either their means for entering the environment (e.g., wastewater or direct input via recreational use) or the product from which they originated (e.g., sunscreen, other personal care products, or household or industrial products)
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From page 31... ...
. UV filters from personal care products other than sunscreen formulations may be one of the hardest to distinguish as 4 See https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances.
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From page 32... ...
As expected, since they have been phased out of use as UV filters, no data source indicates that aminobenzoic acid or trolamine salicylate are currently in use in personal care products in the United States. ECHA data does identify aminobenzoic acid as an ingredient in personal care products in Europe but these data do not associate total volumes to individual uses, and the scale of overall use is low (in the reporting band of 1 to 10 mt)
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From page 33... ...
However, inorganic UV filters are used in much higher amounts in personal care products in general compared to organic UV filters. For the UV filters for which EPA CDR and Euromonitor both contain data, total tonnages used in personal care products differ but the same relative usage pattern across the highest used (homosalate, ZnO, TiO2)
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From page 34... ...
are not listed. Their uses include personal care and cosmetics, processing aids, heating/cooling systems, furniture, welding and soldering products, washing/ cleaning products, polishes/waxes, air care products, pharmaceuticals, automotive acre, paints/coatings, biocides, building/construction material, and long-life products (e.g., packaging, toys, books, electronics, footwear, fabrics/ textiles)
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From page 35... ...
Inorganic UV filters specifically are used in an exceptionally wide range of applications, and use in personal care products may be small for inorganic UV filters according to EPA CDR data. Identifying the breakdown of usage between personal care products and other uses is difficult in many cases because ECHA data does not associate tonnages to different categories and EPA CDR data does not appear to include as many reporting categories for the organic UV filters. For cases like homosalate, with tonnage estimates from EPA CDR comparable to ECHA's overall totals, it is likely that personal care product usage is dominant.
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From page 36... ...
Knowledge Gap: The diversity of surface coatings and non-uniform morphology of inorganic UV filters complicates grouping of these active ingredients into categories that could readily enable exposure risk assessments. Knowledge Gap: More precision in production and use volumes of UV filters specific to their usage in sunscreens would improve ability to clarify the contribution of UV filters from sunscreens compared with other products as a source in the environment and subsequently develop targeted management strategies.
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