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From page 211...
... 28 Machinery Agricultural products, non 20 Cosmetics pesticidal (1 entry) Personal care products 3.9 Arts, crafts, and hobby Long-life materials: Indoor use materials (1 entry)
From page 212...
... 220,736 Paints and coatings (80 entries, 34 CBI, 2 listed as zero 200,863 Paper products (7 entries, 4 CBI) 12,187 Personal care products (9 entries, 3 CBI, 1 listed as zero)
From page 213...
... Product frequency could serve as a proxy for usage, where a higher frequency could translate to higher use in cosmetics and personal care products.
From page 215...
... Appendix C UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data 215
From page 216...
... 216 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Reported Concentrations of UV Filters in Water (ng/l for organic and μg/L for inorganic) Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Bargar et al., 2015 Trunk Bay, USVI 6,073 1,413 ND Bargar et al., 2015 Hawksnest Bay, > 1,000; < 10,000 > 100; < 1,000 ND USVI Downs et al., 2021 Hanauma Bay, HI 30–27,880 with 40% > 1,000 Tsui et al., 2014b Hong Kong Harbor 39–5,429 54–389 66–2,812 103–6,812 61–1,030 Bratkovics et al., Fishing Pier at Folly 39–5,429 ND ND–3,730; 2015 Beach area, SC summer aver age = 2,016 Díaz-Cruz et al., Evrotas River < 0.2–2,031 ND 2019 (Greece)
From page 217...
... APPENDIX C 217 Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Ensulizole Padimate O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 218...
... 218 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Lee Blaney, 2021 Chester River, ~50–~125 ~10–~25 ~25–~50 Presentation to Chesapeake Bay, MD Committee Lee Blaney, 2021 Lower Eastern Shore, ~50–~150 ~100–~200 ~10–~50 Presentation to Chesapeake Bay, MD Committee Horricks et al., Grand Anse Beach, 123 2019 Grenda Kung et al., 2018 Houwan Beach, 566 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Houbiu Beach, 118 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 South Bay, Taiwan; 230 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Small Bay, Taiwan; 216 1 summer sampling event Langford and Sandvika Beach, 13.4–439.9 65.3–7,301 Thomas, 2008 Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations Langford and Huk Beach, near 5.4–32.1 ND–63.2 Thomas, 2008 Oslo Norway O'Malley et al., Enogerra Reservoir, ~200–~700 ND (not 1,380–4,660 Present at 2021 Australia based commonly used low levels on bar charts and in Australia) reported values Tsui et al., 2014b New York City 23–178 89–574 91–114 117–128 ND including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges Tsui et al., 2014b Los Angeles at 227–601 ND 142–270 145–377 53–120 Huntington Beach Tsui et al., 2014b Shantou, China at 55–188 ND ND 75–107 ND beach Tsui et al., 2014b Chao Phraya River at 86–116 89–95 29–59 153–205 28–56 Bangkok, Thailand Li et al., 2018 Popular beaches ND–172 along coastline of Shenzhen, China
From page 219...
... APPENDIX C 219 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 220...
... ; 2015 1 year at beach PR 9.2–536.2 61.2–973.1 Tashiro and Emerald Beach, ND–141 ND–34 0.2–78 ND–10 Kameda, 2013 Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and Sunset Beach, Oki- 10–448 0.6–87 0.5–27 ND–3.3 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Tashiro and Araha Beach, Oki- 0.5–428 0.6–67 2.3–79 ND–2.1 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Grabicova et al., Recreational ponds 21–550 4–46 2013 in Czech Republic Tovar-Sánchez, Popular beaches 76–155 with max 2013 on Majorca Island, at 1 beach of 400 at Spain, sampled 2 midday to afternoon days in August Bratkovics et Coast Guard Stations ND–467: summer ND–311; al., 2015 Estuarine Research average = 2332 summer Reserve, SC average = 162 Nguyen et al., 3 locations along the ND–118 2011 Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June –August 2010 He et al., 2019a Manokin River, 52.7–113.7 71.9–187.9 24.5–43.7 Chesapeake Bay, MD Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Ha- 8.8–142.7 93.7–686.6 0.3–29.1 39.1–66 2019 waii Nearshore Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach 9.4–73.1 107.3–192.0 2.7–8.6 43.1–79.1 2019 Hawaii–offshore Bratkovics et Myrtle Beach, SC ND–575; summer ND ND–382; al., 2015 average = 329 summer average = 261 Bratkovics et North Inlet National ND–138; summer ND ND–77; al., 2015 Estuarine Research average = 34 summer Reserve, SC average = 26 Sánchez Beaches in the Ca- 3.7 (median)
From page 221...
... APPENDIX C 221 Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Ensulizole Padimate O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 222...
... 222 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Pedrouzo et al., 3 rivers in Catalonia, 6–28 ND 2010 Spain; part of methods development Wick et al., 2010 sampling in 2 ND–47 332–1,980 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September; streams are tributaries to the Main River in Germany Balmer et al., 2005 Lake Greifensee, surface 20–30 surface < 2–5 Switzerland Balmer et al., 2005 Lake Hüttnersee, surface 23–35 <2 Switzerland Tsui et al., 2014b Tokyo Bay 24–86 71–136 65–110 87–108 71–95 Langford and Near offshore WWTP ND–15.5 ND–31.2 Thomas, 2008 outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July Langford and Open waters of fjord 5.4–32.1 ND–63.2 Thomas, 2008 off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July Li et al., 2018 Less popular or ND–28.7 undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline Bargar et al., 2015 Leinster Bay, USVI ND–< 100 ND–< 100 ND Bargar et al., 2015 Brown Bay, USVI 1.6–133 53–633.5 ND Bargar et al., 2015 Great Lameshure Bay, ND–< 100 ND–< 100 ND USVI da Silva et Tieta River at Jau ND–24 ND–208 ND al., 2015 Brazil (river water intake)
From page 223...
... APPENDIX C 223 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 224...
... Tsui et al., 2014b Chaozhou, China at 37–49 ND–49 ND 36–102 121–128 beach Tsui et al., 2014b Arctic Ocean and 17–33 ND ND 26–31 ND Chukchi Sea Fent et al., 2010 River Glatt below a 56 and 68 WWTP, Switzerland He et al., 2019a Chester River, 52–96 15.5–22.2 21.6–42.4 Chesapeake Bay, MD Emnet et al., 2015 Erubus Bay near 2.6–88.4 a research station, Antarctica He et al., 2019a Holland Straights, 40.4–59.3 78.4–99.8 11.9–20.6 Chesapeake Bay,MD He et al., 2019a Kitts Creek, Chesa- 31.1–32 78.4–91.3 12.0–13.3 peake Bay,MD Kung et al., 2018 Boli River Estuary, 41.4 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Scichong River 45.4 Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Baisha Beach, 23 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Big Bay, Taiwan; 18.8 1 summer sampling event Labille et 3 beaches along < 1–78 < 5–420 al., 2020b French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day)
From page 225...
... APPENDIX C 225 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 226...
... in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 Tovar-Sanchez, Undeveloped coastal 36 2013 location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September Wu et al., 2013 2 rivers in northern 12.3–15.4 ND ND–10.6 Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal waste water Rodil et al., 2008a 2 recreational lakes 27–55 ND–4 126–250 51 around Leipzig Germany in June 2007 Rodil et al., 2008a 2 rivers around ND–30 ND–5 ND–16 ND Leipzig Germany in May 2007 Tsui et al., 2017 Ung Kong, Hong 25.8 (wet)
From page 227...
... APPENDIX C 227 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 228...
... ; < 9.3–359.1 2015 year at beach MP < 2.4–51.5 Tsui et al., 2019 Coastal Hong 2.2–36.7 2.9–27.8 3.6–41.8 2.2–71.9 0.8–27.8 Kong and adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward) Fisch et al., 2017 Rivers draining to ND–11.4 ND ND–30.8 Baltic and coastline, Germany
From page 229...
... APPENDIX C 229 Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxyben- Ensulizole Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc zone O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 230...
... 230 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Kasprzyk-Hordern River Ely (South ND ND–323 et al., 2008b Wales, UK) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007 Balmer et Lake Zürichsee, surface 10–20; deep surface al., 2005 Switzerland (20 m)
From page 231...
... APPENDIX C 231 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 232...
... 232 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, 2.6–7.1 38.5–119.0 0.3–25.4 46–121.2 2019 Hawaii–nearshore Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, 0.1–7.5 120.7–456.4 0.3–4.2 27.5–60.4 2019 Hawaii–offshore Fagervold et Villeneuve de la <5 al., 2019 Raho Lake, France Schaap and Sorobon, Bonaire < 10 160 Slijkerman, 2018 November, 2018 Schaap and Mangrove Lac Bay, 10 < 20 Slijkerman, Bonaire during 2018 August Schaap and Cai Reef, Bonaire < 10 < 20 Slijkerman, 2018 Li et al., 2018 Drinking water res- 9.2 ervoir in Shenzhen, China Tashiro and Shirahi River, Oki- ND–9 ND–0.8 ND–2.5 ND–1.8 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Tashiro and CR coral reef site ND–0.4 ND ND–8.1 ND–0.6 Kameda, 660 m from Araha 2013 Beach, Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and BR Reef Site, 520 m ND–3.8 ND–3.2 ND–0.5 ND–0.1 Kameda, from Emerald Bay, 2013 Okinawa, Japan Rodil et al., 2012 6 locations along ND ND–603 Mero River in Gali cia Spain, samples were collected on several occasions from November 2007 to September 2008 Barbosa et al., Ave River, Portugal 2018 Barbosa et al., Antua River, Por 2018 tugal Barbosa et al., Certima River, 2018 Portugal Barbosa et al., Leca River, Portugal 2018 Gondikas et al., Old Danube Recre 2014 ational Lake, Vienna, Austria
From page 233...
... APPENDIX C 233 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 234...
... 234 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1  Continued Sulisoben- Homo- Octo Citation Location Oxybenzone zone salate crylene Octisalate Woodley (unpublished data) Near-shore waters Buck Island and Salt River Bay, St.Croix, U.S.
From page 235...
... APPENDIX C 235 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
From page 236...
... 236 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.2  Spatial Analysis of Oxybenzone Measurements Intensity of Source Oxybenzone Environment Citation Location (μg/L) Classification Group A: Measurements > 1,000 ng/l Bargar et al., 2015 Trunk Bay, USVI 6,073 Beach Swimming beach frequented by tourists Bargar et al., 2015 Hawksnest Bay, USVI > 1,000; < 10,000 Beach Swimming beach frequented by tourists Downs et al., 2021 Hanauma Bay, HI 30–27,880 with Beach At beach within bathing area with 40% > 1,000 high density Tsui et al., 2014b Hong Kong Harbor 39–5,429 Beach Considered highly polluted; highest values associated with a popular beach Bratcovics et al., Fishing Pier at Folly Beach ND–2,203; summer Beach Park with family amenities 2015 area, SC average = 1,533 Bratkovics and Wash Out Beach at Folly ND–1,766; summer Beach Mostly residential popular local Sapozhnikova, 2015 Beach, SC average = 787 beach Downs et al., 2016 Trunk Bay, USVI 580,000–1,395,000 Beach ~180 in water; ~130 on beach at time of sampling Kung et al., 2018 Wanlitong Beach, Taiwan; one 1,233 Beach Popular beach summer sampling event Schaap and Slijker- Sorobon, Bonaire.
From page 237...
... APPENDIX C 237 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Along beach; nearshore Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 Along beach; nearshore Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 At the beach Low tidal amplitude in semi-enclosed bay 3 0 0 Adjacent to sources and receives polluted Moderate mixing open to sea 2 1 0 inflows At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy 2 1 0 At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 2 1 0 energy Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 Along beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay but somewhat exposed Close to beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 3 0 0 Close to beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 2 1 0 energy Within swimming area Exposed to the open sea with low tidal range Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 21 3 0 Close to beach Low tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed to open 2 1 0 water Close to beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 2 1 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 continued
From page 238...
... 238 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.2  Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Environment Intensity of Source (μg/L) Classification Horricks et al., 2019 Grand Anse Beach, Grenda 123 Beach Main tourist beach Kung et al., 2018 Houwan Beach, Taiwan; one 566 Beach Popular beach summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Houbiu Beach, Taiwan; one 118 Beach Popular beach summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 South Bay, Taiwan; one sum- 230 Beach Popular beach mer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Small Bay, Taiwan; one sum- 216 Beach Popular beach mer sampling event Langford and Sandvika Beach, Baerum, Nor- 13.4–439.9 Beach In bathing area with reported ~200 Thomas, 2008 way in July at 3 locations people (mostly children)
From page 239...
... APPENDIX C 239 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Near beach Low tidal amplitude; semi enclosed but open to 2 1 0 ocean Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay but more exposed Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat 2 1 0 exposed Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat 2 1 0 exposed Within bathing area Semi-enclosed area with limited flushing 3 0 0 Within the bathing area Open to flushing with the fjord, considered 1 2 0 in the paper to be a higher energy area than other sampled beach At the beach Low energy 3 0 0 Adjacent to many diffuse sources including Part of this area (Jamaica Bay) is poorly 2 1 0 wastewater effluents flushed and receives effluent Within bathing area Open to the ocean and higher energy 2 0 1 Within bathing area Moderate mixing 2 1 0 Adjacent and downstream of diffuse sources Dilution within a large river 3 0 0 Within bathing area Exposed to sea and expected to have 2 1 0 moderate mixing and transport At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; open to the sea 2 1 0 Near beach Pond with long residence time 3 0 0 Within swimming area Moderate, semi-enclosed 2 1 0 continued
From page 240...
... sampled monthly bordered by several cities June–August 2010 He et al., 2019a Manokin River, Chesapeake 52.7–113.7 River Rural watershed Bay, MD Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Hawaii 8.8–142.7 Beach Popular beach area; unclear on 2019 Nearshore number of people Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Hawaii– 9.4–73.1 Coastal Popular beach area; unclear on 2019 offshore number of people Bratcovics et al., Myrtle Beach, SC ND–575; summer Beach Popular beach area; unclear on 2015 average = 329 number of people Bratcovics et al., North Inlet National Estuarine ND–138; summer River Drains watershed 2015 Research Reserve, SC average = 34 Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary Islands 3.7 (median) ; < Beach Local community beach al., 2015 over 1 year at beach AL 1.4–158.0 Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary Islands 9.6 (median)
From page 241...
... APPENDIX C 241 Proximity to Source Residence Time # High # Moder- # Low ate Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low Near beach Moderate tide and river flow 0 3 0 Offshore location Open water with higher energy 0 2 1 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Bathing area of beach Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 1 2 0 energy Offshore location Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 2 1 energy At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 1 2 0 energy Represents sources entering the watershed Moderate tide and river flow 0 3 0 At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 1 1 1 At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 1 1 1 50 41 5 Adjacent and downstream from diffuse Mixing and dilution in large river 0 3 0 sources Adjacent and downstream from diffuse Major rivers offering dilution 0 3 0 sources Downstream Some dilution in the streams 0 3 0 Within recreational waters High input to volume with P/Q of 0.303 persons/ 1 2 0 m3/d Remote location but used heavily for P/Q of 0 people/m3/d; short residence time of 2 0 1 recreation ~120 days Adjacent to but distant from sources Moderate flushing 0 3 0 Various distances from outfall; sampling was Deep water high energy area; sampling was near 1 1 1 at the surface and effluent subject to initial the surface dilution Distant from recreational areas and discharges High energy flushing 0 0 3 continued
From page 242...
... Tsui et al., 2014b Chaozhou, China at beach 37–49 Beach Popular beach Tsui et al., 2014b Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea 17–33 Coastal No major direct sources Fent et al., 2010 River Glatt below a WWTP, 56 and 68 River River downstream of WWTP Switzerland He et al., 2019a Chester River, Chesapeake 52–96 River Rural watershed Bay, MD Emnet et al., 2015 Erubus Bay near a research 2.6–88.4 Coastal Remote location but near a research station, Antarctica station He et al., 2019a Holland Straights, Chesapeake 40.4–59.3 Coastal Low contact recreation Bay, MD He et al., 2019a Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, 31.1–32 River Rural watershed MD Kung et al., 2018 Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; one 41.4 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Scichong River Estuary, 45.4 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 sum- 23 Beach Popular beach mer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer 18.8 Beach Popular beach sampling event Labille et al., 2020 Three beaches along French < 1–78 Beach Active on day of sampling Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day) Labille et al., 2020 Three beaches along French < 1–26.7 Beach Active on day of sampling Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day)
From page 243...
... Nakdong 2 0 1 River is one of the longest and largest rivers in South Korea; the other two rivers are among its tributaries Within bathing areas Exposed with higher energy 2 1 0 Distant from known sources High energy environment 0 0 3 Receives point and nonpoint sources Mixed within small river system: 9 m3/s 1 2 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Near a research station but relatively remote Open to the ocean 0 2 1 Distant from nonpoint sources Open water 0 2 1 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Near beach Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water 2 0 1 Near beach Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water 2 0 1 At beach Open to sea 2 1 0 At beach Open to sea 2 1 0 continued
From page 244...
... in ND–41 River Water bodies received domestic Japan considered polluted to wastewater varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and Sep tember 2008 Tovar-Sanchez, Undeveloped coastal location 36 Coastal Remote location 2013 on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September Wu et al., 2013 2 rivers in northern Taiwan that 12.3–15.4 River Rivers receive municipal wastewater receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater Rodil et al., 2008a 2 recreational lakes around 27–55 Lake Recreational lakes but early in the Leipzig Germany in June 2007 season Rodil et al., 2008a 2 rivers around Leipzig Ger- ND–30 River Drains agricultural and urban areas many in May 2007 Tsui et al., 2017 Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet 25.8 (wet) ; 29.1 Coastal Coral reef adjacent to remote island; and dry seasons (dry)
From page 245...
... APPENDIX C 245 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Upstream and downstream Large river with high dilution from receiving 1 1 1 waters Downstream Moderate with dilution from receiving waters 1 2 0 Remote Open to the sea 0 0 3 Downstream Moderate dilution expected following initial 0 3 0 dilution Likely in bathing area Lakes have longer residence times 0 3 0 Adjacent and down river from diffuse sources Dilution afforded by the river flow 0 3 0 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Strong currents; high energy environment 0 1 2 Downstream Mixed with river flow 0 2 1 Watershed adjacent to river Smaller river system 0 3 0 Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado 0 2 1 upstream sources (state) so large flow expected Drains large watershed River flow would cause mixing and advec- 0 3 0 tion Near surface Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 3 0 energy continued
From page 246...
... ; < Beach Most touristic activity is focused al., 2015 over 1 year at beach MP 1.4–27.1 Tsui et al., 2019 Coastal Hong Kong and 2.2–36.7 Coastal Coastal and open ocean locations adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward) Fisch et al., 2017 Rivers draining to Baltic and ND–11.4 River Rivers known to have pollution coastline, Germany Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics Group D: < 10 ng/l Kasprzyk-Hordern River Ely (South Wales, UK)
From page 247...
... APPENDIX C 247 Proximity to Source Residence Time # High # Moder- # Low ate Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low At depth Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 2 1 energy At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 2 1 0 Some locations at distance from source areas Open ocean areas 0 3 0 Downstream Mixed with river flow 0 2 1 30 78 33 Upstream and downstream Small shallow river with limited dilution 1 2 0 Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources P/Q of 0.043 people/m3/d 1 2 0 Distant from sources P/Q of 0 people/m3/d 0 0 3 Downstream of sources Mixing with river water and estuarine flush- 0 3 0 ing with the Bay Close proximity of beach Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources Large river with associated dilution 0 2 1 Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Close proximity to beach and remnant coral Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Close proximity of beach Low tidal range; open face to ocean 1 2 0 Offshore location Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Considered upcurrent of source areas Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Considered upcurrent of source areas Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Near beach Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 1 0 continued
From page 248...
... 248 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.2  Continued Intensity of Source Environment Citation Location Oxybenzone (μg/L) Classification Horricks et al., 2019 Quarantine Reef, Grenada ND Coastal Divers surface Horricks et al., 2019 Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep ND Coastal Divers Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, Hawaii Near- 2.6–7.1 Coastal Area of low recreational use and 2019 shore remote from communities Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, Hawaii–off- 0.1–7.5 Coastal Area of low recreational use and 2019 shore remote from communities Rohée et al., 2019 Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, <5 Lake Popular recreational area France Schaap and Slijker- Sorobon, Bonaire November, < 10 Beach Lower beach use due to rain man, 2018 2018 Schaap and Slijker- Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire 10 Coastal Nearby beach with elevated levels man, 2018 during August Schaap and Slijker- Cai Reef, Bonaire < 10 Coastal Divers, at distance from beach with man, 2018 elevated levels Li et al., 2018 Drinking water reservoir in 9.2 Lake Area of low recreational use and Shenzhen, China remote from communities Tashiro and Kameda, Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan ND–9 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow 2013 Tashiro and Kameda, CR coral reef site 660 m from ND–0.4 Coastal Divers 2013 Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and Kameda, BR Reef Site, 520 m from Em- ND–3.8 Coastal Divers 2013 erald Bay, Okinawa, Japan Rodil et al., 2012 6 locations along Mero River ND River River drains agricultural and urban in Galicia Spain, samples were areas collected over a year Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics
From page 249...
... APPENDIX C 249 Proximity to Source Residence Time # Moder Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High ate # Low Offshore of beaches, periodic divers Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Offshore of beaches, periodic divers Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Within bathing area and near fringe reef Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 1 0 2 energy Offshore Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 0 3 energy At beach 2 1 0 Near beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 2 0 1 At distance from beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 1 1 1 Dive site Open to ocean, adjacent to channel 0 1 2 Sources not proximal Moderate mixing and residence time as this is a 0 2 1 reservoir Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Dive site distant from beach Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Dive site distant from beach Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Adjacent to diffuse sources Moderate dilution with river flow 0 3 0 17 24 37


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