Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data
Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data
Pages 215-254
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Appendix C UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data 215
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Bratkovics and Wash Out Beach at ND–1,766; summer ND ND–1,375; Sapozhnikova, Folly Beach, SC average = 787 summer aver 2011 age = 745 Downs et al., 2016 Trunk Bay, USVI 580,000–1,395,000 Kung et al., 2018 Wanlitong Beach, 1,233 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Schaap and Sli- Sorobon, Bonaire 1,540 810 jkerman, 2018 August 2018 Tashiro and Kam- Tropical Beach, 2.2–1,258 0.8–214 0.5–50 ND–2.1 eda, 2013 Okinawa, Japan Bratkovics et al., County Park and ND–2,126; summer ND ND–1,060; 2015 beach on Folly average = 1,264 summer aver Island, SC age = 878 Tarazona et al., 3 beaches on Medi- 1,340–3,300 2010 terranean coast of Spain in summer Downs et al., 2016 Hawknest Bay, 75,000–95,000 USVI Sánchez Rodrí- Beaches in the Ca- 91.0 (median) ; 4.85; < 24.3; < 160.4 guez et al., 2015 nary Islands over 1 12.7–2,675.7 1.3–163.5 2.4–319.0 (median)
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APPENDIX C 217 Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Ensulizole Padimate O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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218 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1 Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Lee Blaney, 2021 Chester River, ~50–~125 ~10–~25 ~25–~50 Presentation to Chesapeake Bay, MD Committee Lee Blaney, 2021 Lower Eastern Shore, ~50–~150 ~100–~200 ~10–~50 Presentation to Chesapeake Bay, MD Committee Horricks et al., Grand Anse Beach, 123 2019 Grenda Kung et al., 2018 Houwan Beach, 566 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Houbiu Beach, 118 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 South Bay, Taiwan; 230 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Small Bay, Taiwan; 216 1 summer sampling event Langford and Sandvika Beach, 13.4–439.9 65.3–7,301 Thomas, 2008 Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations Langford and Huk Beach, near 5.4–32.1 ND–63.2 Thomas, 2008 Oslo Norway O'Malley et al., Enogerra Reservoir, ~200–~700 ND (not 1,380–4,660 Present at 2021 Australia based commonly used low levels on bar charts and in Australia) reported values Tsui et al., 2014b New York City 23–178 89–574 91–114 117–128 ND including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges Tsui et al., 2014b Los Angeles at 227–601 ND 142–270 145–377 53–120 Huntington Beach Tsui et al., 2014b Shantou, China at 55–188 ND ND 75–107 ND beach Tsui et al., 2014b Chao Phraya River at 86–116 89–95 29–59 153–205 28–56 Bangkok, Thailand Li et al., 2018 Popular beaches ND–172 along coastline of Shenzhen, China
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ND–~150 ~10–~25 ND ND ND ND ND ND 60.4–389.9 38.6–159.2 Present at 424–1,130 Present at low 2,550–7,330 low levels levels 89–150 70–87 72–92 ND 91–138 67–109 29–96 ND 52–78 53–100 ND ND 88–95 36–38 63–71 ND ND–89 ND–69 ND–10.1 ND–644 continued
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; 2015 1 year at beach PR 9.2–536.2 61.2–973.1 Tashiro and Emerald Beach, ND–141 ND–34 0.2–78 ND–10 Kameda, 2013 Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and Sunset Beach, Oki- 10–448 0.6–87 0.5–27 ND–3.3 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Tashiro and Araha Beach, Oki- 0.5–428 0.6–67 2.3–79 ND–2.1 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Grabicova et al., Recreational ponds 21–550 4–46 2013 in Czech Republic Tovar-Sánchez, Popular beaches 76–155 with max 2013 on Majorca Island, at 1 beach of 400 at Spain, sampled 2 midday to afternoon days in August Bratkovics et Coast Guard Stations ND–467: summer ND–311; al., 2015 Estuarine Research average = 2332 summer Reserve, SC average = 162 Nguyen et al., 3 locations along the ND–118 2011 Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June –August 2010 He et al., 2019a Manokin River, 52.7–113.7 71.9–187.9 24.5–43.7 Chesapeake Bay, MD Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Ha- 8.8–142.7 93.7–686.6 0.3–29.1 39.1–66 2019 waii Nearshore Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach 9.4–73.1 107.3–192.0 2.7–8.6 43.1–79.1 2019 Hawaii–offshore Bratkovics et Myrtle Beach, SC ND–575; summer ND ND–382; al., 2015 average = 329 summer average = 261 Bratkovics et North Inlet National ND–138; summer ND ND–77; al., 2015 Estuarine Research average = 34 summer Reserve, SC average = 26 Sánchez Beaches in the Ca- 3.7 (median)
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APPENDIX C 221 Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Ensulizole Padimate O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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222 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1 Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Pedrouzo et al., 3 rivers in Catalonia, 6–28 ND 2010 Spain; part of methods development Wick et al., 2010 sampling in 2 ND–47 332–1,980 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September; streams are tributaries to the Main River in Germany Balmer et al., 2005 Lake Greifensee, surface 20–30 surface < 2–5 Switzerland Balmer et al., 2005 Lake Hüttnersee, surface 23–35 <2 Switzerland Tsui et al., 2014b Tokyo Bay 24–86 71–136 65–110 87–108 71–95 Langford and Near offshore WWTP ND–15.5 ND–31.2 Thomas, 2008 outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July Langford and Open waters of fjord 5.4–32.1 ND–63.2 Thomas, 2008 off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July Li et al., 2018 Less popular or ND–28.7 undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline Bargar et al., 2015 Leinster Bay, USVI ND–< 100 ND–< 100 ND Bargar et al., 2015 Brown Bay, USVI 1.6–133 53–633.5 ND Bargar et al., 2015 Great Lameshure Bay, ND–< 100 ND–< 100 ND USVI da Silva et Tieta River at Jau ND–24 ND–208 ND al., 2015 Brazil (river water intake)
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APPENDIX C 223 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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Tsui et al., 2014b Chaozhou, China at 37–49 ND–49 ND 36–102 121–128 beach Tsui et al., 2014b Arctic Ocean and 17–33 ND ND 26–31 ND Chukchi Sea Fent et al., 2010 River Glatt below a 56 and 68 WWTP, Switzerland He et al., 2019a Chester River, 52–96 15.5–22.2 21.6–42.4 Chesapeake Bay, MD Emnet et al., 2015 Erubus Bay near 2.6–88.4 a research station, Antarctica He et al., 2019a Holland Straights, 40.4–59.3 78.4–99.8 11.9–20.6 Chesapeake Bay,MD He et al., 2019a Kitts Creek, Chesa- 31.1–32 78.4–91.3 12.0–13.3 peake Bay,MD Kung et al., 2018 Boli River Estuary, 41.4 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Scichong River 45.4 Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Baisha Beach, 23 Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Big Bay, Taiwan; 18.8 1 summer sampling event Labille et 3 beaches along < 1–78 < 5–420 al., 2020b French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day)
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APPENDIX C 225 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 Tovar-Sanchez, Undeveloped coastal 36 2013 location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September Wu et al., 2013 2 rivers in northern 12.3–15.4 ND ND–10.6 Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal waste water Rodil et al., 2008a 2 recreational lakes 27–55 ND–4 126–250 51 around Leipzig Germany in June 2007 Rodil et al., 2008a 2 rivers around ND–30 ND–5 ND–16 ND Leipzig Germany in May 2007 Tsui et al., 2017 Ung Kong, Hong 25.8 (wet)
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APPENDIX C 227 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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; ND Kong for wet and (dry) dry seasons Grabicova et Rivers with pollution 16–67 4.6–390 al., 2013 in Czech Republic da Silva et Araraquara or ND–38 ND ND al., 2015 Tietje Rivers at Araraquara, Brazil (river water intake)
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ND ND ND ND ND ND 11–500 ND–65 ND–669 ND–101 ND ND 0.1–3.9 6.4–15.4 ND ND 0.1–9.1 6.2–467.6 < 1.6 < 6.7 (median) ; (median)
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in August 2011 (winter) Bargar et al., 2015 Trunk Bay, USVI 2.7 116.3 ND at 210 m from shoreline Wick et al., 2010 Rhine River in ND 51 Koblenz, Germany, in March 2008 Downs et al., 2016 Caneel Bay, USVI ND Downs et al., 2016 Kapalua Bay, Maui, ND HI Downs et al., 2016 Kahekili Beach, ND Maui, HI Horricks et al., Grand Anse Bay, 7 2019 Grenada deep Horricks et al., Grand Mal, Grenada 7 2019 surface Horricks et al., Grand Mal, Grenada ND 2019 deep Horricks et al., True Blue, Grenada ND 2019 surface Horricks et al., Quarantine Reef, ND 2019 Grenada surface Horricks et al., Quarantine Reef, ND 2019 Grenada deep
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surface < 2–7; deep (20 m) < 2 <2 8.9–640 ND–0.4 5.8 ND 48 ND ND ND 8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND continued
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232 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.1 Continued Citation Location Oxybenzone Sulisobenzone Homosalate Octocrylene Octisalate Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, 2.6–7.1 38.5–119.0 0.3–25.4 46–121.2 2019 Hawaii–nearshore Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, 0.1–7.5 120.7–456.4 0.3–4.2 27.5–60.4 2019 Hawaii–offshore Fagervold et Villeneuve de la <5 al., 2019 Raho Lake, France Schaap and Sorobon, Bonaire < 10 160 Slijkerman, 2018 November, 2018 Schaap and Mangrove Lac Bay, 10 < 20 Slijkerman, Bonaire during 2018 August Schaap and Cai Reef, Bonaire < 10 < 20 Slijkerman, 2018 Li et al., 2018 Drinking water res- 9.2 ervoir in Shenzhen, China Tashiro and Shirahi River, Oki- ND–9 ND–0.8 ND–2.5 ND–1.8 Kameda, 2013 nawa, Japan Tashiro and CR coral reef site ND–0.4 ND ND–8.1 ND–0.6 Kameda, 660 m from Araha 2013 Beach, Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and BR Reef Site, 520 m ND–3.8 ND–3.2 ND–0.5 ND–0.1 Kameda, from Emerald Bay, 2013 Okinawa, Japan Rodil et al., 2012 6 locations along ND ND–603 Mero River in Gali cia Spain, samples were collected on several occasions from November 2007 to September 2008 Barbosa et al., Ave River, Portugal 2018 Barbosa et al., Antua River, Por 2018 tugal Barbosa et al., Certima River, 2018 Portugal Barbosa et al., Leca River, Portugal 2018 Gondikas et al., Old Danube Recre 2014 ational Lake, Vienna, Austria
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APPENDIX C 233 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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4 beaches in Japan 4.3–23.1 during summer for mean concentra tions Sankoda et al., (2015) 4 beaches in 2.0–3.8 Japan during for mean winter concentra tions Total Measurements 122 30 46 79 35
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APPENDIX C 235 Dioxyben- Padimate Reported as Titanium Di- Zinc Octinoxate Avobenzone zone Ensulizole O Total Organic oxide (μg/L) Oxide(μg/L)
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August 1,540 Beach Higher beach use in August man, 2018 Tashiro and Kameda, Tropical Beach, Okinawa, 2.2–1,258 Beach Popular beach 2013 Japan Bratcovics et al., County Park and beach on ND–2,126; summer Beach Park with family amenities; may 2015 Folly Island, SC average = 1,264 receive inputs from adjacent inlet Tarazona et al., 2010 3 beaches on Mediterranean 1,340–3,300 Beach Popular beach areas in summer coast of Spain in summer months Downs et al., 2016 Hawknest Bay, USVI 75,000–95,000 Beach 230 people on day of sampling Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary Islands 91.0 (median) ; Beach Most touristic activity is focused al., 2015 over 1 year at beach AM 12.7–2675.7 Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary 343.2 (median)
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APPENDIX C 237 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Along beach; nearshore Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 Along beach; nearshore Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 At the beach Low tidal amplitude in semi-enclosed bay 3 0 0 Adjacent to sources and receives polluted Moderate mixing open to sea 2 1 0 inflows At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy 2 1 0 At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 2 1 0 energy Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 Along beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay but somewhat exposed Close to beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 3 0 0 Close to beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 2 1 0 energy Within swimming area Exposed to the open sea with low tidal range Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 3 0 0 At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 21 3 0 Close to beach Low tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed to open 2 1 0 water Close to beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 2 1 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 continued
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; Beach Most touristic activity is focused al., 2015 over 1 year at beach PR 32.8–979.8 Tashiro and Kameda, Emerald Beach, Okinawa, ND–141 Beach Popular beach 2013 Japan Tashiro and Kameda, Sunset Beach, Okinawa, Japan 10–448 Beach Popular beach 2013 Tashiro and Kameda, Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan 0.5–428 Beach Popular beach 2013 Grabicova et al., Recreational ponds in Czech 21–550 Lake (Reser- Recreational pond 2013 Republic voir Tovar-Sanchez, Popular beaches on Majorca 76–155 with max Beach Popular beach in summer 2013 Island, Spain, sampled two at one beach of days in August 400 at midday to afternoon
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APPENDIX C 239 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Near beach Low tidal amplitude; semi enclosed but open to 2 1 0 ocean Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay but more exposed Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat 2 1 0 exposed Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat 2 1 0 exposed Within bathing area Semi-enclosed area with limited flushing 3 0 0 Within the bathing area Open to flushing with the fjord, considered 1 2 0 in the paper to be a higher energy area than other sampled beach At the beach Low energy 3 0 0 Adjacent to many diffuse sources including Part of this area (Jamaica Bay) is poorly 2 1 0 wastewater effluents flushed and receives effluent Within bathing area Open to the ocean and higher energy 2 0 1 Within bathing area Moderate mixing 2 1 0 Adjacent and downstream of diffuse sources Dilution within a large river 3 0 0 Within bathing area Exposed to sea and expected to have 2 1 0 moderate mixing and transport At beach Semi-enclosed; moderate tides 3 0 0 Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed 2 1 0 bay Near beach Low to moderate tidal amplitude; open to the sea 2 1 0 Near beach Pond with long residence time 3 0 0 Within swimming area Moderate, semi-enclosed 2 1 0 continued
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sampled monthly bordered by several cities June–August 2010 He et al., 2019a Manokin River, Chesapeake 52.7–113.7 River Rural watershed Bay, MD Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Hawaii 8.8–142.7 Beach Popular beach area; unclear on 2019 Nearshore number of people Mitchelmore et al., Waikiki Beach Hawaii– 9.4–73.1 Coastal Popular beach area; unclear on 2019 offshore number of people Bratcovics et al., Myrtle Beach, SC ND–575; summer Beach Popular beach area; unclear on 2015 average = 329 number of people Bratcovics et al., North Inlet National Estuarine ND–138; summer River Drains watershed 2015 Research Reserve, SC average = 34 Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary Islands 3.7 (median) ; < Beach Local community beach al., 2015 over 1 year at beach AL 1.4–158.0 Sánchez Rodríguez et Beaches in the Canary Islands 9.6 (median)
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APPENDIX C 241 Proximity to Source Residence Time # High # Moder- # Low ate Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low Near beach Moderate tide and river flow 0 3 0 Offshore location Open water with higher energy 0 2 1 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Bathing area of beach Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 1 2 0 energy Offshore location Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 2 1 energy At beach Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher 1 2 0 energy Represents sources entering the watershed Moderate tide and river flow 0 3 0 At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 1 1 1 At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 1 1 1 50 41 5 Adjacent and downstream from diffuse Mixing and dilution in large river 0 3 0 sources Adjacent and downstream from diffuse Major rivers offering dilution 0 3 0 sources Downstream Some dilution in the streams 0 3 0 Within recreational waters High input to volume with P/Q of 0.303 persons/ 1 2 0 m3/d Remote location but used heavily for P/Q of 0 people/m3/d; short residence time of 2 0 1 recreation ~120 days Adjacent to but distant from sources Moderate flushing 0 3 0 Various distances from outfall; sampling was Deep water high energy area; sampling was near 1 1 1 at the surface and effluent subject to initial the surface dilution Distant from recreational areas and discharges High energy flushing 0 0 3 continued
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Tsui et al., 2014b Chaozhou, China at beach 37–49 Beach Popular beach Tsui et al., 2014b Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea 17–33 Coastal No major direct sources Fent et al., 2010 River Glatt below a WWTP, 56 and 68 River River downstream of WWTP Switzerland He et al., 2019a Chester River, Chesapeake 52–96 River Rural watershed Bay, MD Emnet et al., 2015 Erubus Bay near a research 2.6–88.4 Coastal Remote location but near a research station, Antarctica station He et al., 2019a Holland Straights, Chesapeake 40.4–59.3 Coastal Low contact recreation Bay, MD He et al., 2019a Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, 31.1–32 River Rural watershed MD Kung et al., 2018 Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; one 41.4 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Scichong River Estuary, 45.4 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 sum- 23 Beach Popular beach mer sampling event Kung et al., 2018 Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer 18.8 Beach Popular beach sampling event Labille et al., 2020 Three beaches along French < 1–78 Beach Active on day of sampling Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day) Labille et al., 2020 Three beaches along French < 1–26.7 Beach Active on day of sampling Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day)
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Nakdong 2 0 1 River is one of the longest and largest rivers in South Korea; the other two rivers are among its tributaries Within bathing areas Exposed with higher energy 2 1 0 Distant from known sources High energy environment 0 0 3 Receives point and nonpoint sources Mixed within small river system: 9 m3/s 1 2 0 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Near a research station but relatively remote Open to the ocean 0 2 1 Distant from nonpoint sources Open water 0 2 1 Within watershed with diffuse sources River flow and low/moderate tide 0 3 0 Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Near beach Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water 2 0 1 Near beach Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water 2 0 1 At beach Open to sea 2 1 0 At beach Open to sea 2 1 0 continued
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in ND–41 River Water bodies received domestic Japan considered polluted to wastewater varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and Sep tember 2008 Tovar-Sanchez, Undeveloped coastal location 36 Coastal Remote location 2013 on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September Wu et al., 2013 2 rivers in northern Taiwan that 12.3–15.4 River Rivers receive municipal wastewater receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater Rodil et al., 2008a 2 recreational lakes around 27–55 Lake Recreational lakes but early in the Leipzig Germany in June 2007 season Rodil et al., 2008a 2 rivers around Leipzig Ger- ND–30 River Drains agricultural and urban areas many in May 2007 Tsui et al., 2017 Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet 25.8 (wet) ; 29.1 Coastal Coral reef adjacent to remote island; and dry seasons (dry)
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APPENDIX C 245 Proximity to Source Residence Time Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High # Moderate # Low Upstream and downstream Large river with high dilution from receiving 1 1 1 waters Downstream Moderate with dilution from receiving waters 1 2 0 Remote Open to the sea 0 0 3 Downstream Moderate dilution expected following initial 0 3 0 dilution Likely in bathing area Lakes have longer residence times 0 3 0 Adjacent and down river from diffuse sources Dilution afforded by the river flow 0 3 0 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Open to ocean; expected higher energy 0 2 1 At coral reef Strong currents; high energy environment 0 1 2 Downstream Mixed with river flow 0 2 1 Watershed adjacent to river Smaller river system 0 3 0 Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado 0 2 1 upstream sources (state) so large flow expected Drains large watershed River flow would cause mixing and advec- 0 3 0 tion Near surface Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 3 0 energy continued
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in August 2011 (winter) Bargar et al., 2015 Trunk Bay, USVI at 210 m 2.7 Beach Popular beach but rain kept people from shoreline away Wick et al., 2010 Rhine River in Koblenz, Ger- ND River Diffuse sources along the river many in March 2008 Downs et al., 2016 Caneel Bay, USVI ND Beach 17 people on beach over 48h Downs et al., 2016 Kapalua Bay, Maui, HI ND Beach 14 swimmers on day of sampling Downs et al., 2016 Kahekili Beach, Maui, HI ND Beach 71 swimmers within 200 m at time of sampling Horricks et al., 2019 Grand Anse Bay, Grenada deep 7 Coastal Diving Horricks et al., 2019 Grand Mal, Grenada surface 7 Coastal Nearer shore Horricks et al., 2019 Grand Mal, Grenada deep ND Coastal Diving Horricks et al., 2019 True Blue, Grenada surface ND Beach Nearer shore
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APPENDIX C 247 Proximity to Source Residence Time # High # Moder- # Low ate Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low At depth Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 2 1 energy At beach Open to ocean; moderate tides 2 1 0 Some locations at distance from source areas Open ocean areas 0 3 0 Downstream Mixed with river flow 0 2 1 30 78 33 Upstream and downstream Small shallow river with limited dilution 1 2 0 Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources P/Q of 0.043 people/m3/d 1 2 0 Distant from sources P/Q of 0 people/m3/d 0 0 3 Downstream of sources Mixing with river water and estuarine flush- 0 3 0 ing with the Bay Close proximity of beach Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources Large river with associated dilution 0 2 1 Close proximity to beach and coral reef Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Close proximity to beach and remnant coral Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 0 1 Close proximity of beach Low tidal range; open face to ocean 1 2 0 Offshore location Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Considered upcurrent of source areas Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Considered upcurrent of source areas Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Near beach Low tidal range; semi enclosed 2 1 0 continued
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248 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH TABLE C.2 Continued Intensity of Source Environment Citation Location Oxybenzone (μg/L) Classification Horricks et al., 2019 Quarantine Reef, Grenada ND Coastal Divers surface Horricks et al., 2019 Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep ND Coastal Divers Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, Hawaii Near- 2.6–7.1 Coastal Area of low recreational use and 2019 shore remote from communities Mitchelmore et al., Ka'a'awa Bay, Hawaii–off- 0.1–7.5 Coastal Area of low recreational use and 2019 shore remote from communities Rohée et al., 2019 Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, <5 Lake Popular recreational area France Schaap and Slijker- Sorobon, Bonaire November, < 10 Beach Lower beach use due to rain man, 2018 2018 Schaap and Slijker- Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire 10 Coastal Nearby beach with elevated levels man, 2018 during August Schaap and Slijker- Cai Reef, Bonaire < 10 Coastal Divers, at distance from beach with man, 2018 elevated levels Li et al., 2018 Drinking water reservoir in 9.2 Lake Area of low recreational use and Shenzhen, China remote from communities Tashiro and Kameda, Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan ND–9 River Diffuse, mixed, river flow 2013 Tashiro and Kameda, CR coral reef site 660 m from ND–0.4 Coastal Divers 2013 Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan Tashiro and Kameda, BR Reef Site, 520 m from Em- ND–3.8 Coastal Divers 2013 erald Bay, Okinawa, Japan Rodil et al., 2012 6 locations along Mero River ND River River drains agricultural and urban in Galicia Spain, samples were areas collected over a year Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics
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APPENDIX C 249 Proximity to Source Residence Time # Moder Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low # High ate # Low Offshore of beaches, periodic divers Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Offshore of beaches, periodic divers Exposed to open ocean 0 0 3 Within bathing area and near fringe reef Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 1 0 2 energy Offshore Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher 0 0 3 energy At beach 2 1 0 Near beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 2 0 1 At distance from beach Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay 1 1 1 Dive site Open to ocean, adjacent to channel 0 1 2 Sources not proximal Moderate mixing and residence time as this is a 0 2 1 reservoir Many sources but sampling is distant from River flow with mixing at delta 0 1 2 them Dive site distant from beach Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Dive site distant from beach Exposed to open ocean 0 1 2 Adjacent to diffuse sources Moderate dilution with river flow 0 3 0 17 24 37
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in August 2011 (winter) Combi et al., 2016 Northern Adriatic ND–0.23 4–40.7 Combi et al., 2016 Central Adriatic ND–0.1 0.8–33.7 Combi et al., 2016 Southern Adriatic 0.9–19.0 Díaz-Cruz et al., 2019 Evrotas River, Greece |
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APPENDIX C 251 Reported as Total Octisalate Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Padimate O Organic ND ND ND ND ND ND–17.8 ND–39.0 ND–47 ND ND–17.6 ND 1–10.4 0.9–6.9 1.3–10 7.5–22.9 up to 4.4 up to 6.8 up to 3.4 ND–43 ND |
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in Japan considered pol- ND ND–26 ND–635 luted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 Rodil et al., 2008b 3 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in 61–93 August 2007 Tsui et al., 2017 Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet 9.8 (wet)
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APPENDIX C 253 Reported as Total Octisalate Octinoxate Avobenzone Dioxybenzone Padimate O Organic ND–7.96 0–0.08 ND–7.99 ND 0.56–41.32 ND–3.9 ND ND–0.08 ND 0.4–11.55 2.42–42.83 ND–31.43 0.48–7.73 ND 15.28–100.18 2.42–20.71 ND–7.79 ND–0.48 ND 24.87–72.49 ND–7.12 ND–0.05 ND–0.08 ND 0.3–12.73 ND–7.82 ND–0.08 ND ND 0.02–13.34 3.3–4.4 3.6–3.7 3.8–6.5 ND–35.8 with max of 45 ~1–~11 with max of 17.9 ND–~8 ~1–~4 ~5–~8 ~5–~10 7.9 ND ND ND–101 ND 14–34 ND ND ND ND 1.4–447 4.3–43.9 2.7–42.2 8–81.6 ND 0.8–291 5.5.–18.6 0.8–38.4 15.2–21.8 ND ND 0.6–119 4.3–16 2.4–62.2 1.5–150 ND 0.3–54.5 2.5–64.5 1.3–14.1 0.8–13.9 16 40 10 12 21 8
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Key Terms
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