The National Academies Press

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Pages 22-37

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From page 22... ... Solubility of a chemical is used to estimate relevant dosing levels in aquatic toxicity tests since it is uncommon that environmental exposure exceeds solubility (except in certain scenarios such as acute spill events) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... TiO2 from a commercial sunscreen. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... According to FDA rules, to be labeled as broad spectrum, a product must have a critical wavelength of at least 370 nm, meaning 1 Specifically, labeling may claim "if used as directed with other sun protection measures … decreases the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging caused by the sun" (from Over-the-Counter Monograph M020: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... INTRODUCTION TO SUNSCREENS AND THEIR UV FILTERS 25 FIGURE 2.2 Chemical structures for organic UV filters available in the United States. SOURCE: Chemical structure images from ChemSpider.com. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... . UVA protection, particularly UVA1, is not captured in the SPF and broad-spectrum definitions as well as UVB protection, though both UVA and UVB are associated with skin cancer (see Chapter 7) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... However, photostability can be dependent on solvents and so may differ between aquatic environments and sunscreen formulations (Kockler et al., 2012; Serpone et al., 2002) Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 IMPLICATIONS OF SUNSCREEN USAGE FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN HEALTH FIGURE 2.4 Typical composition of a sunscreen and corresponding functions. SOURCE: Pawlowksi and Petersen-Thiery, 2020. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Ecological risk assessments for regulatory purposes are typically single-compound evaluations and represent the norm for regulatory compliance. However, due to the complex formulations of sunscreens and the variability across products that may end up in the environment, UV filters will appear in the environment as part of mixtures, at least initially. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... . The value of these collective usage estimates is that they can assist screening models for projecting exposures "down the drain" (i.e., received and discharged by wastewater treatment plants, described further in Chapter 4) , identify areas of focus and complexity to obtain better data, and assist prioritization of compounds when compared with effects and monitoring data. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... . UV filters from personal care products other than sunscreen formulations may be one of the hardest to distinguish as 4 See https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... Ensulizole is on the low spectrum of usage for personal care products, with no information from EPA CDR and, based on market data, an average of only 0.1 mg/capita/day (or about 12 metric tonnes in the United States) in sunscreens, representing 17 percent of its usage for personal care products. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... However, inorganic UV filters are used in much higher amounts in personal care products in general compared to organic UV filters. For the UV filters for which EPA CDR and Euromonitor both contain data, total tonnages used in personal care products differ but the same relative usage pattern across the highest used (homosalate, ZnO, TiO2) Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... For the nanomaterials depicted in Figure 2.5, the wider variety of product types may also contribute, but to a smaller degree. In all cases, the compounds may or may not first be treated in a wastewater treatment plant when used in homes or cities, and there is no treatment afforded to sunscreen release scenarios within swimming areas where UV filters directly wash off into the water column. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... Micronized rubber from tires is considered an emerging area of environmental pollution research and a role of UV filters has yet to be explored (Halle et al., 2020) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... Knowledge Gap: The diversity of surface coatings and non-uniform morphology of inorganic UV filters complicates grouping of these active ingredients into categories that could readily enable exposure risk assessments. Knowledge Gap: More precision in production and use volumes of UV filters specific to their usage in sunscreens would improve ability to clarify the contribution of UV filters from sunscreens compared with other products as a source in the environment and subsequently develop targeted management strategies. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... Problem formulation may start with the "integration of available information on sources, stressors, effects, and ecosystem and receptor characteristics." The committee is charged with reviewing the fates and effects of UV filters in aquatic environments to provide information on the state of the science for future application in an ecological risk assessment. Problem formulation is the starting point for the committee to ensure that the appropriate information is brought together, reviewed, and organized in a manner that facilitates the eventual conduct of an ecological risk assessment. Read the entire page →

From page 22...

... Solubility of a chemical is used to estimate relevant dosing levels in aquatic toxicity tests since it is uncommon that environmental exposure exceeds solubility (except in certain scenarios such as acute spill events)