Oil in the Sea IV Inputs, Fates, and Effects (2022) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 11-24
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From page 11... ...
The petrochemical industry uses petroleum as a greenhouse gas emissions, and alternative energy sources are raw material, or feedstock, for a long list of products; these also being discovered, developed, and scaled to play larger products represent important contributions to modern sociroles in the global energy economy. Even with an expanding etal needs and wants.
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From page 12... ...
SOURCE: IEA, 2021. production of worldwide crude oil and natural gas liquids In 2020, the United States remained the top producer of dropped ~7% from 4,617 million tonnes in 2019 to 4,296 both oil and natural gas.
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FIGURE 1.4 Oil trade flow diagram in million metric tonnes. NOTE: Width of arrows represents relative volume transported; purple dots represent point of oil origination.
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, with the transportation sec societal concern over climate change is driving decarbontor (including gasoline, distillate fuel, HGLs, and jet fuel) ization efforts around the world to reduce greenhouse gas accounting for the largest share (68%)
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FIGURE 1.7 Global Energy Consumption. Projections represent the "Reference" case, which assumes continuation of current trends (see below)
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show a large spread between the three scenarios, reflecting In the Reference case, the peak oil production would be the uncertainty in the future political actions by governments, reached around 2030, followed by relatively flat production availability and cost of alternative energy and green fuels, thereafter. Gas production follows similar trends.
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From page 17... ...
batteries and fuel cells. Increase in the use of electric vehicles attention to environmental concerns associated with fates and will have an impact on gasoline demand and consequently effects from human-caused chronic and episodic inputs of on oil demand, production and transportation; however, to petroleum and fossil fuels remains critical.
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, including the largest maritime spill in North • The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response American history, the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil (2020) spill (see Box 1.1)
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In regions where the fossil fuel hydrocarbons. Including the gaseous state allows seaward boundary of the EEZ terminated before the base of the committee to consider hydrocarbon inputs into the water the continental slope, North American waters extend to the column such as those dissolved from natural seeps.
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From page 20... ...
inventory of the sources, compo- tive information about approaches for estimating the volume of sition, and quantity of hydrocarbon inputs to the marine environment and hydrocarbon input to the marine environment worldwide from assessment of the state of the science on the fate and effects of fossil fuel all sources. Based on these sources, develop, and summarize hydrocarbons in the marine environment.
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From page 21... ...
12 To assess the impacts attributable to different sources including oil spills and nonpoint sources, federal agencies, especially the USGS and U.S. EPA should work with state and local authorities to undertake regular monitoring of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
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In the committee's assessment, significant progress Reiterating past recommendations, and to keep the mohas occurred toward addressing three of the recommenda- mentum expanding understanding of the fates and effects of tions. Recommendations partially addressed in the areas of oil in the sea in the context of a constantly evolving fossil fuel fates and effects are primarily due to the surge in research landscape (i.e., changes in exploration, production, transporfollowing the DWH oil spill; the ranking is not necessarily tation, consumption of oil as well as the chemical composiindicative of specific agency or interagency response.
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From page 23... ...
The story ends of changes over time and space in determining the potential with Chapter 6, which discusses the harm the oil can have on effects from an oil spill and appropriate response strategies. the marine environment and marine organisms over its journey While the listing of items in the diagram is not exhaustive, from source to contact, synthesizing a vast amount of literature it clearly depicts the numerous combinations of possible focused on effects of oil on both the ecosystem and on humans.
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