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Appendix C: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea
Pages 439-456

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From page 439... ... These estimates were made using unit loadings per C.1.2 Calculations for the Inland Rivers of the urban land area. The annual loadings were calculated accord United States and Canada ing to the coastal zones defined in this study, and the overall loadings for the United States and Canada were extrapolated The following methodology was used to estimate the to the world. Read the entire page →
From page 440... ... An average annual load in tonne/yr was calculated for very small. It was therefore decided to use an alter those rivers with reported oil and grease data by using native procedure based on the unit loads of oil and the following formula: grease per urban land area and per capita calculated from Steps 1–4 to estimate the contributions of oil and Equation C-1 grease from these other river basins. Read the entire page →
From page 441... ... C.1.5 Estimates of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and The total oil and grease loading was determined by adding Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons discharges from inland rivers and urban coastal areas to the appropriate coastal zones. Within the STORET data, there were hydrocarbons and petroleum data for three rivers: Columbia, Mississippi, and Potomac (see Table C.2) Read the entire page →
From page 442... ... The best estimate was built Based on the calculations of Oil in the Sea III, a factor on the oil and grease and the hydrocarbon and petroleum of 0.015 was applied to the total oil and grease loading to STORET data, namely the average hydrocarbons and peestimate the fraction of hydrocarbons in oil and grease. troleum per urban land area and average oil and grease The estimated worldwide loading of hydrocarbons to the per urban land area (i.e., ~0.2) Read the entire page →
From page 443... ... 28°58'26" −96°00'44" 30 Columbia 46°10'55" −123°10'50" 50 Copper (Alaska) 61°00'00" −144°45'00" 50 Delaware 39°30'03" −75°34'07" 30 Hudson 41°43'18" −73°56'28" 40 James 37°24'00" −77°18'00" 50 Mississippi 29°16'26" −89°21'00" 50 Neuse 35°06'33" −77°01'59" 50 Potomac 38°55'46" −77°07'02" 75 Rio Grande 25°52'35" −97°27'15" 30 Roanoke 35°54'54" −76°43'22" 70 Sabine 30°18'13" −93°44'37" 50 Sacramento 37°30'00", 38°30'00" −121°00'00", −123°00'00" a San Joaquin 37°30'00", 38°30'00" −121°00'00", −123°00'00" a Santee 33°14'00" −79°30'00" 40 b Saskatchewan Savannah 32°31'30" −81°15'45" 50 St. Read the entire page →
From page 444... ... 15214000: Copper River at Million Dollar Bridge near Cordova, AK 2010–2011; 2017–2019 59,627,302,886 Delaware 01463500: Delaware River at Trenton, NJ 2000–2019 12,109,284,340 Hudson 01335754: Hudson River above Lock 1 near Waterford, NY 2000–2019 8,257,334,855 James 02037500: James River Near Richmond, VA 2000–2020 6,636,808,160 Mississippi 07289000: Mississippi River at Vicksburg, MS 2000–2020 689,140,762,304 Neuse 02089500: Neuse River at Kinston, NC 2000–2015; 2017–2020 2,391,360,966 Potomac 01608500: South Branch Potomac River near Springfield, WV 2000–2020 1,274,215,458 Rio Grande 08375300: Rio Grande at Rio Grande Village, Big Bend NP, TX 2008–2019 682,154,193 Roanoke 02080500: Roanoke River at Roanoke Rapids, NC 2000–2020 7,115,455,412 Sabine 08030500: Sabine River near Ruliff, TX 2000–2020 7,064,129,254 Sacramento 11425500: Sacramento River at Verona, CA 2000–2020 15,926,970,319 San Joaquin 11303500: San Joaquin R near Vernalis, CA 2000–2020 5,720,145,091 Santee 02198500: Savannah River near Cylo, GA 2000–2020 3,107,890,290 Savannah 02171645: Rediv Canal at Santee River near St. Stephen, SC 2000–2020 8,292,980,383 Susitna 15292000: Susitna River at Gold Creek, AK 2002–2019 9,086,707,310 Susquehanna 01576000: Susquehanna River at Marietta, PA 2000–2020 36,942,927,072 Trinity 08066500: Trinity River at Romayor, TX 2000–2020 8,261,002,528 Yukon 15565447: Yukon River at Pilot Station, AK 2002–2019 210,866,737,379 Read the entire page →
From page 445... ... 08162500: Colorado River near Bay City, TX 1980–1999 2,639,422,583 2000–2007 2,565,942,193 −2.78% Columbia 14246900: Columbia River at Port Westward, near Quincy, OR 1992–1999 225,024,486,103 2000–2019 204,666,350,394 −9.05% Copper (Alaska) 15214000: Copper River at Million Dollar Bridge near Cordova, AK 1989–1994 56,287,190,436 2010–2011; 2017–2019 59,627,302,886 5.93% Delaware 01463500: Delaware River at Trenton, NJ 1980–1999 10,046,323,612 2000–2019 12,109,284,340 20.53% Hudson 01335754: Hudson River above Lock 1 near Waterford, NY 1980–1999 7,065,137,067 2000–2019 8,257,334,855 16.87% James 02037500: James River Near Richmond, VA 1980–1999 6,606,492,983 2000–2020 6,636,808,160 0.46% Mississippi 07032000: Mississippi River at Memphis, TN 1980–1994 492,828,070,403 07289000: Mississippi River at Vicksburg, MS 2000–2020 689,140,762,304 39.83% Neuse 02089500: Neuse River at Kinston, NC 1983–1999 2,643,275,872 2000–2015; 2017–2020 2,391,360,966 −9.53% Potomac 01608500: South Branch Potomac River near Springfield, WV 1980–1999 1,327,513,867 2000–2020 1,274,215,458 −4.01% Rio Grande 08361000: Rio Grande Below Elephant Butte Dam, NM 1980–1999 1,001,672,071 08375300: Rio Grande at Rio Grande Village, Big Bend NP, TX 2008–2019 682,154,193 −31.90% Roanoke 02080500: Roanoke River at Roanoke Rapids, NC 1980–1999 7,469,397,536 2000–2020 7,115,455,412 −9.82% Sabine 08030500: Sabine River near Ruliff, TX 1980–1999 7,890,714,278 2000–2020 7,064,129,254 −10.48% Sacramento 11425500: Sacramento River at Verona, CA 1980–1999 18,506,011,951 2000–2020 15,926,970,319 −13.94% San Joaquin 11303500: San Joaquin River near Vernalis, CA 1980–1999 4,962,946,910 2000–2020 3,107,890,290 −37.38% Santee 02171645: Rediv Canal at Santee River near St. Read the entire page →
From page 446... ... 1990 14,887,769,596 1,173,671 2000 17,605,703,109 1,762,165 2010 19,992,118,114 34% 2,349,110 100% Columbia 1990 30,466,548,018 1,263,460 2000 101,947,370,591 2,316,164 2010 123,850,640,954 307% 2,953,885 134% Delaware 1990 5,082,592,647 967,893 2000 6,004,369,412 1,211,805 2010 12,315,393,416 142% 3,419,661 253% Hudson 1990 21,972,423,045 1,432,124 2000 23,837,991,474 1,587,549 2010 23,789,040,699 8% 1,598,036 12% James 1990 7,686,825,682 354,043 2000 9,722,802,098 440,200 2010 9,751,305,197 27% 482,181 36% Mississippi 1990 464,341,095,531 39,900,057 2000 654,764,272,610 48,226,561 2010 699,320,096,893 51% 53,628,488 34% Neuse 1990 10,472,875,881 1,162,035 2000 11,483,230,239 1,692,198 2010 12,851,520,952 23% 2,158,283 86% Potomac 1990 1,950,520,038 99,122 2000 6,960,852,018 339,811 2010 12,880,010,821 560% 793,235 700% Rio Grande 1990 43,843,577,556 1,410,081 2000 52,220,376,067 1,689,829 2010 54,583,999,208 24% 1,912,049 36% Roanoke 1990 4,830,068,808 337,136 2000 7,478,590,639 403,891 2010 7,461,755,716 54% 414,864 23% Sabine 1990 6,964,737,000 374,973 2000 7,028,191,708 406,023 2010 9,326,547,148 34% 519,408 39% Sacramento 1990 30,438,835,145 2,152,519 2000 33,061,198,097 2,873,315 2010 33,037,888,204 9% 3,159,043 47% San Joaquin 1990 45,968,921,790 2,382,323 2000 49,560,458,289 3,062,479 2010 49,554,242,317 8% 3,366,051 41% Santee 1990 26,807,930,828 3,183,877 2000 32,722,945,651 3,985,324 2010 40,737,922,825 52% 5,225,755 64% Savannah 1990 6,342,621,858 457,228 2000 8,492,052,982 534,218 2010 9,015,748,576 42% 608,980 33% Susquehanna 1990 27,400,261,106 2,788,354 2000 26,140,749,893 2,855,770 2010 27,676,612,837 1% 3,071,255 10% Trinity 1990 23,581,064,654 4,683,013 2000 23,283,216,023 6,300,006 2010 22,465,556,779 25% 7,573,136 62% Read the entire page →
From page 447... ... Land Area (g/m2/yr) Columbia 204,666,350,394 5.03 1,029,471.74 123,850,640,954 8.31 Delaware 12,109,284,340 12.55 151,971.52 12,315,393,416 12.34 James 6,636,808,160 6.83 45,329.4 9,751,305,197 4.65 Potomac 1,274,215,458 1.55 1,975.03 12,880,010,821 0.15 Roanoke 7,115,455,412 5 35,577.28 7,461,755,716 4.77 Sacramento 15,926,970,319 0.68 10,830.34 33,037,888,204 0.33 San Joaquin 3,107,890,290 0 0 49,554,242,317 0 Savannah 8,292,980,383 9.74 80,773.63 9,015,748,576 8.96 Susitna 9,086,707,310 2.04 18,536.88 0 0 Susquehanna 36,942,927,072 11.9 439,620.83 27,676,612,837 15.88 TABLE C.7 Estimates of Land-Based Contributions of Oil and Grease to the Sea via Major Inland River Basins Average Number of Concentration of Average Urban Land Area Unit Load per Non-NA Oil and Grease, Annual Flow in Watershed Annual Load Urban Land Area River Observations (mg/L) Read the entire page →
From page 448... ... 2,349,110 19,992,118,144 2,999 0.15 Mississippi 53,628,488 699,320,096,893 104,898 0.15 Rio Grande 1,912,049 54,583,999,208 8,188 0.15 Sabine 519,408 9,326,547,148 1,399 0.15 Trinity 7,573,136 22,465,556,779 3,370 0.15 Subtotal 80,249,098 935,037,503,862 140,256 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 K Coastal 22,049,766 98,888,335,646 14,833 0.15 L Coastal 9,239,070 46,772,595,098 7,016 0.15 Sacramento 3,159,043 33,037,888,204 4,956 0.15 San Joaquin 3,366,051 49,554,242,317 7,433 0.15 Subtotal 15,764,164 129,364,725,619 19,405 M Coastal 8,542,083 72,757,945,705 10,914 0.15 Columbia 2,953,885 123,850,640,954 18,578 0.15 Subtotal 11,495,968 196,608,586,659 29,492 N Coastal 1,141,980 4,566,149,020 685 0.15 O Coastal 3,011,719 1,367,000,000 205 0.15 P Coastal 396,317 68,430,075,590 10,265 0.15 Copper 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 396,317 68,430,075,590 10,265 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 Yukon 96,849 18,984,612,773 2,848 0.15 Subtotal 96,849 18,984,612,773 2,848 Total 250,479,721 2,005.9 × 10 9 2,880,805 Read the entire page →
From page 449... ... Appendix C 449 TABLE C.9 Percent Change of Global Population and Number of Vehicles Population Vehicle Region Year Population Percent Change Number of Vehicles Percent Change Africa 2000 778,484,000 15,569,680 2019 1,306,033,375 68% 44,902,492 188% Europe 2000 729,406,000 196,939,620 2019 743,131,357 2% 346,027,255 76% North America 2000 304,078,000 218,936,160 2019 365,889,132 20% 284,430,084 30% Central America 2000 130,710,000 14,378,100 2019 217,693,617 67% 44,441,062 209% South America 2000 331,889,000 29,870,010 2019 428,615,774 29% 84,113,596 182% Asia 2000 3,588,877,000 107,666,310 2019 4,566,180,071 27% 370,533,424 244% Oceania 2000 29,460,000 12,667,800 2019 42,461,759 44% 22,194,093 75% Total 2000 5,892,904,000 596,027,680 2019 7,670,005,085 30% 1,196,642,006 101% TABLE C.10 World Estimates of Land-Based Sources of Oil and Grease to the Sea Motor Vehicles Region Population per Capita Number of Vehicles Loading per Vehicle Loading (tonne/year) Africa 1,306,033,375 0.03 44,902,492 0.01573 706,316 Europe 743,131,357 0.47 346,027,255 0.01573 5,443,009 North America 365,889,132 0.78 284,430,084 0.01573 4,474,085 Central America 217,693,617 0.204 44,441,062 0.01573 699,058 South America 428,615,774 0.196 84,113,596 0.01573 1,323,107 Asia 4,566,180,071 0.08 370,533,424 0.01573 5,828,491 Oceania 42,461,759 0.52 22,194,093 0.01573 349,113 Total 7,670,005,085 1,196,642,006 0.01573 18,823,179 Read the entire page →
From page 450... ... 45 0 Mississippi 1,573 16 Rio Grande 123 1 Sabine 21 0 Trinity 51 1 Subtotal 2,104 21 I No urban areas 0 0 K Coastal 222 2 L Coastal 105 1 Sacramento 74 1 San Joaquin 111 1 Subtotal 290 3 M Coastal 164 2 Columbia 279 3 Subtotal 443 5 N Coastal 10 0 O Coastal 3 0 P Coastal 154 2 Copper 0 0 Susitna 0 0 Subtotal 154 2 Q Coastal 0 0 Yukon 43 0 Subtotal 43 0 Subtotal 43,474 433 Africa 10,595 106 Europe 81,645 816 Central America 10,486 105 South America 19,847 198 Asia 87,427 874 Oceania 5,237 52 TOTAL 258,711 2,584 Read the entire page →
From page 451... ... 0.15 1.25 15.88 2,999 24,990 317,473 Mississippi 0.15 1.25 15.88 104,898 847,150 11,105,202 Rio Grande 0.15 1.25 15.88 8,188 68,230 866,794 Sabine 0.15 1.25 15.88 1,399 11,659 148,113 Trinity 0.15 1.25 15.88 3,370 28,083 356,760 Subtotal 140,256 1,141,798 14,848,404 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 K Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 14,833 123,610 1,570,341 L Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 7,016 58,466 742,755 Sacramento 0.15 0.33 15.88 4,956 10,903 524,643 San Joaquin 0.15 1.25 15.88 7,433 61,943 786,918 Subtotal 19,405 131,312 2,054,336 M Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 10,914 90,948 1,155,397 Columbia 0.15 8.31 15.88 18,578 1,029,202 1,966,754 Subtotal 29,492 1,120,150 3,122,151 N Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 685 5,708 72,508 O Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 205 1,709 21,708 P Coastal 0.15 1.25 15.88 10,265 85,538 1,086,668 Copper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 10,265 85,538 1,086,668 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yukon 0.15 1.25 15.88 2,848 23,731 301,482 Subtotal 2,848 23,731 301,482 Subtotal 451,059 5,792,445 31,613,200 Africa 342,112 706,316 2,505,514 Europe 2,636,381 5,443,009 19,307,975 Central America 338,597 699,058 2,479,767 South America 640,862 1,323,107 4,693,455 Asia 2,823,094 5,828,491 20,675,395 Oceania 169,097 349,113 1,238,408 TOTAL 7,401,202 20,141,549 Read the entire page →
From page 452... ... 45 4,998 22,491 0 50 225 Mississippi 1,573 169,430 762,435 16 1,694 7,624 Rio Grande 123 13,646 61,407 1 136 614 Sabine 21 2,332 10,493 0 23 105 Trinity 51 5,617 25,274 1 56 252 Subtotal 2,104 228,360 1,027,618 21 2,283 10,275 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 K Coastal 222 24,722 111,249 2 247 1,112 L Coastal 105 11,693 52,619 1 117 526 Sacramento 74 2,181 9,813 1 22 98 San Joaquin 111 12,389 55,749 1 124 557 Subtotal 290 26,263 118,181 3 263 1,181 M Coastal 164 18,190 81,853 2 182 819 Columbia 279 205,840 926,282 3 2,058 9,263 Subtotal 443 224,030 1,008,135 5 2,240 10,082 N Coastal 10 1,142 5,137 0 11 51 O Coastal 3 342 1,538 0 3 15 P Coastal 154 17,108 76,984 2 171 770 Copper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 154 17,108 76,984 2 171 770 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yukon 41 4,746 21,358 0 47 214 Subtotal 41 4,746 21,358 0 47 214 Subtotal 38,545 1,158,504 5,213,212 385 11,583 52,130 Africa 10,595 141,263 635,684 106 1,413 6,357 Europe 81,645 1,088,602 4,898,708 816 10,886 48,987 Central America 10,486 139,812 629,152 105 1,398 6,292 South America 19,847 264,621 1,190,796 198 2,646 11,908 Asia 87,427 1,165,698 5,245,642 874 11,657 52,456 Oceania 5,237 69,823 314,202 52 698 3,142 TOTAL 253,782 4,028,323 18,127,396 2,536 40,281 181,272 Read the entire page →
From page 453... ... 5,721 2,999 Mississippi 130,617 104,898 Rio Grande 4,657 8,188 Sabine 1,265 1,399 Trinity 18,445 3,370 Subtotal 195,453 140,256 I No urban areas 0 0 K Coastal 53,704 14,833 L Coastal 22,502 7,016 Sacramento 10,903 10,903 San Joaquin 8,198 7,433 Subtotal 41,603 25,352 M Coastal 20,805 10,914 Columbia 1,029,202 1,029,202 Subtotal 1,050,007 1,040,116 N Coastal 2,781 685 O Coastal 7,335 205 P Coastal 965 10,265 Copper 0 0 Susitna 0 0 Subtotal 965 10,265 Q Coastal 0 0 Yukon 236 2,848 Subtotal 236 2,848 Subtotal 4,613,415 4,051,774 Africa 1,027,411 706,316 Europe 7,917,425 5,443,009 Central America 1,016,853 699,058 South America 1,924,597 1,323,107 Asia 8,478,149 5,828,491 Oceania 507,822 349,113 TOTAL 25,485,672 18,400,868 Read the entire page →
From page 454... ... . Quality assurance and quality con To understand the inputs of fossil fuel hydrocarbons that trol including laboratory and field blanks, recoveries and are emitted from land and transported via the atmosphere, analytical limits are reported in all studies described in the numerous sampling campaigns to measure petroleum hy- Table C.17. Read the entire page →
From page 455... ... and 2008 Coal and coke from Mainland Xu et al., 2012 Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, particle bound (44 samples, 15 PAH) China, biomass burning in Africa Atlantic Ocean from marine boundary layer and Southeast Asia Southern Ocean Gas (22 samples) Read the entire page →

From page 439...

... These estimates were made using unit loadings per C.1.2 Calculations for the Inland Rivers of the urban land area. The annual loadings were calculated accord United States and Canada ing to the coastal zones defined in this study, and the overall loadings for the United States and Canada were extrapolated The following methodology was used to estimate the to the world.

Appendix C: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea Pages 439-456

Appendix C: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea
Pages 439-456