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Pages 1-10

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From page 1...
... disaster, an explosion that • natural oil and gas seeps; resulted in the largest oil spill in North American waters. • extraction of petroleum (spills from production and With the support of many agencies and industry, the Na- drilling platforms, deposition from platform air emistional Academies published reports in 1975, 1985, and 2003 sion, produced water, and gas condensate discharges on inputs, fates, and effects of petroleum-based hydrocarbon disaggregated by platform type [e.g., deep water, ultramixtures in the sea, both from natural sources and human deep, shallow waters, leaks associated with platform activities.
From page 2...
... equal in terms of impact on marine life; chronic or continu However, there are also new potential sources for oil pol- ous inputs have very different effects on the environment lution in North American and global waters related to the than accidental spills. The volume and the rate of discharge, aging infrastructure in the sea and along the coasts, deterio- as well as other factors, are important for determining both rating shipwrecks releasing oil, sea-level rise and increased the fate and the effects of the oil in the marine environment.
From page 3...
... The following actions should be taken to improve quantification of oil inputs to the Recommendation: During the transition to more re marine environment: newable energy sources, the following steps should be • Federal agencies should work with industry and taken by industry and by federal and state agencies to academia to use existing techniques, along with prevent future spills in North American waters: exploration of new technologies, for identification • Consistent with previous reports, government and and quantification of inputs from natural seeps industry should continue their efforts to develop including less recently studied areas such as the and implement technologies and best practices to North American Pacific margin, North American prevent and reduce the magnitude of accidental Arctic margin, and newly discovered seeps in the spills from onshore and offshore pipelines and North American Atlantic margin. Priority should facilities and marine transportation.
From page 4...
... 4 OIL IN THE SEA IV 220,000 MT Q 4 3 A Q 2 1 A COAST OFF 4 230,000 MT P 3 4 P 2 3 1 2 COAST OFF 1 B O COAST OFF CANADA 4 3 2 O 1 M N COAST OFF 4 4 3 3 L 2 M 2 1 4 1 3 COAST OFF COAST OFF 2 59,000 MT 1 L G 5 N UNITED COAST OFF STATES 4 K K 3 2 4 1 3 COAST OFF 2 1 J North America 4 COAST OFF J 3 Input of Oil into the 2 MEXICO 1 Marine Environment COAST OFF FIGURE S.1  Map of North America showing estimates of oil in the sea through natural sources, land-based sources, operational discharges, and accidental spills. NOTES: Lettering identifies geographic regions in North American waters defined in Appendix A
From page 5...
... Summary 5 530,000 MT Natural oil seeps Land-based sources Operational discharges A Accidental spills C Amounts shown are in 4 10,000 MT/year A 3 4 230,000 MT 2 3 1 2 COAST OFF 1 COAST OFF B B C 4 NADA 3 2 1 COAST OFF D 4 3 D 2 F 1 OFF 64,000 MT 59,000 MT 4 COAST OFF 57,000 MT E UNITED G 3 STATES 4 2 E 4 1 3 3 I 2 2 COAST OFF 1 4 1 3 F COAST OFF I COAST OFF DWH G 2 1 H COAST OFF J 4 H 3 MEXICO 2 1 COAST OFF
From page 6...
... computing capabilities have enabled profound ad vances in computational fluid dynamics modeling of Recommendation: The following steps should be taken oil spills in the oceans. to minimize the effects of oil entering the sea: • Dissolution, long known as a relevant fate process for • Regulatory mechanisms should be introduced to oil spilled at the sea surface, has been recognized as encourage evaluation, permitting, and deploying potentially significant for subsea oil spills, such as ac of new advanced response techniques when they cidental oil well blowouts.
From page 7...
... The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) , a 10-year program initiated after the DWH oil spill, resulted in Baseline Knowledge and Data an extraordinary output of both discipline-specific and multidisciplinary research by funding a mix of field, laboratory, After a spill has occurred, assessment and research efforts mesocosm, and test facility science and related modeling.
From page 8...
... Yet, oil spill science of particular interest, such as coastal areas, areas in Arctic waters and shorelines has lagged behind study of with offshore energy exploration and production, more temperate and accessible marine ecosystems. Field ex and marine transportation routes.
From page 9...
... The recommendations and research gaps outlined in this report take into account a changing energy landscape. OIL SPILL SCIENCE RESEARCH NEEDS They are critical to address while this transition is taking In addition to identifying overarching recommendations place, and thereafter, to ultimately reduce impacts of oil on for advancing oil spill science, the report also highlights ocean ecosystems and human health and move toward a respecific research necessary to better understand the fate and storative and sustainable state following both human-caused effects of oil in the marine environment, as well to advance chronic and episodic releases of oil into the sea.


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