Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation (2022) / Chapter Skim
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7 Measuring Intersex/DSD Populations
7 Measuring Intersex/DSD Populations
Pages 103-112
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From page 103... ...
We then offer our recommendations for measurement practices that include both cisgender and transgender people and conclude with recommendations for future research. CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY Measures of gender include questions about a person's gender identity, which reflects their internal understanding of their own gender, as well as questions about gender expression, which is how a person expresses their gender to others.
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From page 104... ...
. Because of their ubiquity in many data systems, binary sex categories have often been used in general survey research and in administrative and health contexts to describe and explain differences that may have roots in biology, social norms, or some combination of the two.1 Direct measures of sex traits better represent specific biological mechanisms that can produce observed sex differences, but such measures are not commonly used, even in health research and clinical settings (see Chapter 3)
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From page 105... ...
The two-step measurement approach started as a pair of questions, one about sex assigned at birth and the other about gender identity, used for screening purposes to identify transgender people in health research settings (Melendez et al., 2006; Kenagy, 2005)
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From page 106... ...
In addition, asking for the sex assigned to someone at birth, instead of just a person's "sex," avoids problems inherent in assuming that sex is an absolute and static representation of sex traits by grounding the question in the experience of having been labeled with a sex, rather than identifying with it. As such, a two-step measure that includes sex assigned at birth is being collected for the National Institutes of Health's major precision medicine research initiative, the All of Us program,3 as well as on national and local case report forms for surveillance of conditions such as HIV/AIDS4 and COVID-19.5 A two-step measure has also been incorporated in clinical data systems such as the U.S.
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From page 107... ...
Most two-step designs account for this key distinction by measuring both sex assigned at birth and gender identity so that transgender people can be identified either directly by their gender identity response or indirectly by providing different responses for the two items. A variety of one-step measures have also been used to try to identify transgender people.
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From page 108... ...
they conflate transgender experience with either gender identity or sexual orientation, which are different constructs (Grant et al., 2015) . Another approach to identifying transgender people asks, "Do you consider yourself transgender?
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From page 109... ...
" also fails to count cisgender people because the male and female responses can be selected by both cisgender people and people with transgender experience. In essence, accounting for the difference between sex assigned at birth and gender identity is a key component to being able to measure gender for both cisgender and transgender people.
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From page 110... ...
110 FIGURE 6-1 Conceptual and empirical distinctions in transgender population measurement.
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From page 111... ...
are lower for each item, and the combined nonresponse dropped from 0.9 to 0.3 percent between 2018 and 2020. Nonresponse rates in other large national studies with nonprobability samples are similar, with a 1.3 percent nonresponse rate for sex assigned at birth in the All of Us program, and
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From page 112... ...
. a 1.6 percent nonresponse rate for gender identity in the Household Pulse Survey.
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