Wind Turbine Generator Impacts to Marine Vessel Radar (2022) / Chapter Skim
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3 Mitigating Solutions for Wind Turbine Generator Effects on Marine Vessel Radar
3 Mitigating Solutions for Wind Turbine Generator Effects on Marine Vessel Radar
Pages 51-64
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From page 51... ...
Coast Guard is seeking to provide the mariner safe access to ports by designating shipping safety fairways and traffic separation schemes throughout the MTS, the location of the OREI in relation to these proposed shipping lanes may still pose risk to marine navigation. The presence of wind farms coupled with the subsequent shipping safety fairways is expected to funnel large, offshore commercial traffic into designated maritime traffic lanes.
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From page 52... ...
is also impacted by the presence and operation of wind turbines. If vessels are to operate both within and adjacent to offshore wind facilities, given these risks and the established international agreements and domestic regulations requiring the use of MVR for safe marine navigation, OCS stakeholders will need to determine mitigation strategies to address the impacts wind turbine generators (WTGs)
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From page 53... ...
. Existing AIS technology could allow OREI developers to install AIS transceivers on specified wind turbines and could assist the mariner when navigating through the wind farm.
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From page 54... ...
ECDIS and ECS are navigational information systems, interfaced with other navigational equipment such as the GPS, Gyro, Radio Assisted Detection and Ranging (RADAR) , Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
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From page 55... ...
. New Technology The integration of new technology onto vessels operating in and around offshore wind farms may enhance situational awareness in the event that radar systems are compromised.
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From page 56... ...
LiDAR allows distance to obstacles on surrounding land or water to be accurately measured in real time, with reduced clutter and minimal returns off water to ensure accurate data collection under variable conditions.10 Regarding the feasibility of integrating these technologies into MVR systems, the effective range of these systems is generally much shorter than MVR, especially in adverse weather and in the presence of smoke and other aerosols, and so their use in the marine environment requires careful evaluation and integration with other systems. Steering Clear of Wind Farms If Possible Shipping safety fairways, traffic separation schemes, and other ships' routing measures are being designated to ensure areas of the waterways are cordoned off to recognize the paramount right to navigation.
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From page 57... ...
This may be accomplished if IMO issues a Maritime Safety Committee Circular or the U.S. Coast Guard develops a Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular to address safety concerns when navigating in the vicinity of wind farms similar to the United Kingdom's Marine Guidance Note 372.
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From page 58... ...
In addition, questions remain about the applicability of these techniques to MVRs, which will require additional research and development. Lastly, the committee notes that floating offshore wind farms may pose additional challenges in the interpretation of their marine radar returns due to wave-related motions of individual WTGs.
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From page 59... ...
trials that experienced pilots were able to use various radar controls (gain, sensitivity time control, pulse width) to detect small targets around wind farms, as long as target RCS was above established navigation buoys (Brown and Howard, 2004; Marico Marine, 2007)
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From page 60... ...
This is because solid-state radar is fully coherent and can detect Doppler information, which opens up an additional dimension for separating moving targets from WTG clutter. Below, the radar signal processing steps and the corresponding radar features from targets and clutter sources are discussed.
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From page 61... ...
NOTE: PRF, pulse repetition frequency; WTG, wind turbine generator.
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From page 62... ...
Incorporating available arbitrary waveform generator technology in future solid-state MVR designs enables waveform parameter optimization, thereby provid ing another degree of freedom that may prove useful in minimizing WTG interference. For example, the arbitrary waveform generator supports emerging techniques, such as phase tagged waveforms capable of separating range ambiguous clutter returns, an approach which may help suppress WTG returns from far ranges.
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From page 63... ...
This situation may shift once wind farms of significant size are deployed, and the Coast Guard and other organizations have more data with regard to the need for real-time situational awareness in marine wind farms in general for SAR operations as well as routine navigation.
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From page 64... ...
Presentation to the Committee on Wind Turbine Generator Impacts to Marine Vessel Radar, September 16, 2021. https://www.nationalacademies.org/ event/09-16-2021/wind-turbine-generator-impacts-to-marine-vessel-radar-meeting-3.
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