Wind Turbine Generator Impacts to Marine Vessel Radar (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Committee on Wind Turbine Generator Impacts to Marine Vessel Radar drew two major conclusions from its investigations into the issues identified in the statement of task: Conclusion 1: Wind turbines in the maritime environment affect marine vessel radar in a situation-dependent manner, with the most common impact being a substantial increase in strong, reflected energy cluttering the operator's display, leading to complications in navigation decision-making. Conclusion 2: Opportunities exist to ameliorate wind turbine generator–induced inter ference on marine vessel radars using both active and passive means, such as improved radar signal processing and display logic or signature-enhancing reflectors on small ves sels to minimize lost contacts.
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Through public outreach and engagement during the offshore renewable energy leasing process, BOEM received input from commercial vessel maritime and commercial fishing industry stakeholders requesting further insight into the impacts of offshore wind energy installations on MVR. Due to the size, structure, and proposed placement of WTGs offshore, the maritime community expressed concern that WTGs could cast radar shadows, obfuscating smaller vessels exiting wind facilities in the vicinity of deep draft vessels in Traffic Separation Schemes.
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BOX S.1 Statement of Task An ad hoc Committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine will un dertake a study to assess impacts of offshore wind turbine generators (WTG) on marine vessel radar and identify techniques that can be used to mitigate those impacts.
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From page 4... ...
Solid-state radars can also accommodate the incorporation of more sophisticated processing techniques, such as Doppler processing used to measure the velocity of moving targets with respect to the radar, and Doppler beam sharpening to improve the resolution of the features of distributed, stationary targets. WTGs cause radar returns that may appear as interference to MVR, including strong stationary returns from the wind turbine tower, the potential for a strong blade flash return for certain geometries and relative radar-vessel positions, and Doppler-spread clutter generated along the radial extent of the WTG blade, which could obfuscate the radar returns of smaller watercraft or stationary objects, such as buoys.
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A loss of contact with smaller vessels due to the various forms of MVR interference could complicate MTS operations, and is therefore particularly consequential when conducting maritime surface SAR operations in and adjacent to an offshore wind farm. Recommendation 1: The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and other relevant fed eral agencies (e.g., members of the federal Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group)
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Additionally, in contrast to investments by developers and operators of air traffic control and military radar systems, compelling WTG mitigation techniques for MVR have not been substantially investigated, implemented, matured, or deployed. Approaches external to the MVR radar design successfully employed for radar applications used elsewhere to deal with strong clutter returns from objects with a large radar cross section (RCS)
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• The promotion of radar designs with increased immunity to WTG interference, such as new, Doppler-based, solid-state MVRs with WTG resilience. • Research and development to prove the performance and feasibility of fieldable material and structural WTG design components to reduce the radar cross section of WTGs and mitigate their effects on MVR.
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