Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Yet, even these latter countries face myriad institutional obstacles in implementing sought-after reforms. (Institutional obstacles to reform are even present in countries, like the United States, with stronger democratic institutions.)
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These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training. As part of its efforts to strengthen policing in the countries it supports, INL asked the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an ad hoc committee to gather scientific evidence and assess research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above.
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Training-based reforms are often provided in isolation from other policies or organizational adjustments that could limit or enhance the impact of the training. Reform-based training begins with the specific reform that is sought, and then considers all elements needed to achieve that reform, including creating or redefining units or appointing new leaders in an agency, changing organizational tasks, p riorities, incentives, and strategies, strengthening management and accountability within a police organization, providing new technologies, creating partnerships with local community groups, and winning political support in the national legislature or from civil servants in key ministries.
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The policing strategies, tactics, knowledge, and skills that officers are trained on should be supported by evidence showing that they are effectively linked to supporting the rule of law and protecting the public. Both existing scientific knowledge and scientific approaches can help identify effective policing strate gies and activities that officers should be trained upon.
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Drawn from decades of scientific evidence about crime and the prevention of crime, these facts and theories not only form the building blocks of police strategies that are now known to be effective at reducing crime, but can also inform policies, strategies, and everyday police actions that better protect the public from harm. Key facts from science include these: • Crime concentrates in a small fraction of all places: Recognizing this criminological fact means that police can target (and conserve)
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• Crime concentrates among repeat victims: Repeat victimization is a pattern by which a small percentage of victims suffers a large percentage of all criminal victimization, and an even greater pro portion of all crime harm. Criminological theories also help police understand the mechanisms that create crime problems.
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This knowledge has been extensively reviewed in two National Academies consensus studies: Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing and Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities.2 There is scientific consensus on several policing approaches that they can be appropriately adjusted to varying policing contexts to reduce crime and improve police-citizen relationships. These findings suggest that the following are effective approaches (see Chapter 3)
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• Critical thinking skills: Policing approaches that use problem- oriented policing, proactivity and crime analysis, community- and citizen-centric approaches, or geographic targeting require critical and creative thinking skills to integrate the knowledge described above into everyday activities. • Data skills: A problem-solving approach requires officers to make decisions based on data and, more importantly, on data that are appropriately collected, collated, and analyzed as to be accurate.
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In addition, specific behaviors of trainers influence training outcomes. Field training officers are thought to play a critical role in socializing officers by demonstrating and reinforcing police agency and community values outside the police academy setting.
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remain underevaluated all over the world. In order to answer critical questions of training effectiveness, rigorous evaluations of police training outcomes must occur prior to, or at least in concert with, widespread promotion and implementation of any training programs.
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