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From page 123... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-1 A CHAPTER 28 PEDESTRIANS Task Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing in a Multiple-Threat Scenario ....................................... 28-2 Countermeasures to Reduce Pedestrian Exposure to Vehicles at Crossings ............................. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-2 TASK ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING IN A MULTIPLE THREAT SCENARIO Introduction This guideline highlights a critical situation for pedestrian safety at crosswalks: the multiple threat scenario, in which a pedestrian crossing in front of a stopped vehicle is at risk of being struck by a second vehicle traveling in the adjacent lane. This task analysis of a pedestrian crossing on a 4-lane divided highway with a pedestrian island shows the interactions that can take place between pedestrians and drivers and the actions that each could take to avoid vehicle/pedestrian conflicts. Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-3 The pedestrian crossing task analysis is derived from several reports that study pedestrian and driver actions at crosswalks and in multiple threat situations. These acts are important to understand in relation to one another, since both the driver and pedestrian make decisions based on the actions and status of the other (1) Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-4 COUNTERMEASURES TO REDUCE PEDESTRIAN EXPOSURE TO VEHICLES AT CROSSINGS Introduction Countermeasures to reduce pedestrian exposure to vehicles at crossings refers to road treatments that provide some level of physical protection from surrounding traffic and/or reduce the time required to cross the street. Grade-separated pedestrian crossings offer additional protection by removing pedestrians from vehicular traffic altogether in locations where pedestrian crossing would be too challenging without them. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-5 Discussion Curb extensions. Curb extensions narrow the road by extending the sidewalk or curb line into the street or parking lane, thus reducing pedestrian crossing time and exposure (1) Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-6 SPEED-CALMING COUNTERMEASURES AT CROSSWALKS Introduction Speed-calming countermeasures at crosswalks refer to treatments that encourage drivers to slow their speeds in areas with crosswalks. Excessive vehicle speed makes it more difficult for drivers to perceive, react, and stop for pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-7 Discussion Raised Crosswalk/Speed Table/Raised Intersection. These treatments elevate the crosswalk to the level of the sidewalk and are used to reduce vehicle speeds as they approach the crosswalks (4) Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-8 IMPROVING PEDESTRIAN VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY AT CROSSWALKS Introduction Improving pedestrian visibility and conspicuity at crosswalks refers to countermeasures that increase driver awareness of the crosswalk, draw attention to pedestrians, and make pedestrians easier to detect. Other countermeasures that also increase pedestrian visibility and conspicuity by raising them above grade level and/or improving sight lines are curb extensions and raised medians. Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-9 Discussion Advance Stop/Yield Lines and Signs. Advance stop and yield lines increase the distance ahead of a crosswalk at which drivers are required to stop or yield to allow pedestrians to cross. Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-10 SELECTING BEACONS TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN CONSPICUITY AT CROSSWALKS Introduction Selecting beacons for improving pedestrian conspicuity at crosswalks refers to a heuristic for determining whether to use a Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) or a Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-11 Discussion Pedestrian hybrid beacons (PHB) and RRFB have been shown to improve pedestrian safety at crosswalks by alerting drivers to the presence of pedestrians in the crosswalks. Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-12 INFLUENCE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SAFETY Introduction Influence of the built environment on pedestrian crossing safety refers to factors within the built environment that contribute to the likelihood of a pedestrian-vehicle crash. This guideline highlights factors in the surrounding environment that have the largest influence on crash potential and provides recommended countermeasures. Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-13 Discussion The density of pedestrians, vehicular traffic, or both in an area has been positively associated with pedestrian crashes (2, 4) Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-14 DESIGN CHALLENGES FOR OLDER PEDESTRIANS Introduction Design challenges for older pedestrians refers to roadway designs that accommodate older pedestrians who have physiological and/or cognitive, age-related impairments. These pedestrians face a diverse set of challenges, in terms of roadway safety, that may not be addressed by standard design practices. Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-15 Discussion Longer Start-Up/Reaction Times and Slower Walking Speeds. Older pedestrians have physical and cognitive challenges that increase crash potential when compared to younger pedestrians because they not only have significantly slower walking speeds, but they also take longer to begin crossing, particularly when slowed by the use of walkers and canes or by medical issues such as arthritis (1) Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-16 PEDESTRIAN RAIL CROSSING SAFETY Introduction Though rare, pedestrian-rail crashes are generally caused by pedestrians ignoring warnings, possibly due to inattentiveness, lack of situational awareness, or direct disobedience in order to catch a train (1) Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-17 Discussion There are several ways to improve pedestrian safety around rail crossings. Among the most common countermeasures are implementations of effective barriers and infrastructure. Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-18 KEY REFERENCES FOR PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES Introduction There are numerous resources available to aid in the selection of countermeasures at pedestrian crossing locations that experience an unacceptable number of crashes. This guideline summarizes key resources available for finding information about countermeasures that improve pedestrian safety. Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-19 Discussion The HFG focuses on common treatments at pedestrian crossing locations and is not intended to provide a comprehensive or definitive presentation of information on these treatments. Additional data sources follow: The Toolbox of Pedestrian Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness (1) Read the entire page →

From page 123...

... HFG PEDESTRIANS VERSION 2.1 28-1 A CHAPTER 28 PEDESTRIANS Task Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing in a Multiple-Threat Scenario ....................................... 28-2 Countermeasures to Reduce Pedestrian Exposure to Vehicles at Crossings .............................