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Pages 72-91

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From page 73...
... An interdisciplinary team of researchers developed Sepsiswatch so that it could track the stakeholders of the current approaches and systems built to monitor patient infections and understand who benefits the most from the current workflows. From there, computing researchers, informed by social scientists on the team, came to their designs with a clearer sense of how to distribute the risks and benefits of a system for monitoring patient outcomes as equitably as possible.
From page 74...
... It is unrealistic to expect all computer scientists to develop such expertise, but they should appreciate its importance and learn how to work with those with such expertise. The successful development of all the systems discussed in presentation to the commit tee had one thing in common: they involved computing researchers incorporating the insights and subject-matter expertise of a range of stakeholders who were not obvious end-users of their systems.
From page 75...
... Additional challenges arise when data-driven systems are used for advocacy by multiple parties who may be competing or engaged in an adversarial decision process such as those used in the legal system. As computing researchers as well as researchers and scholars in other disciplines have limited expertise, designing systems that work well requires a partnership between computing and domain experts.
From page 77...
... In each case, there may be opportunities for computing research ers to help such institutions in making better decisions. Institutions under pressure to enhance efficiency will sometimes turn to comput ing technologies even if the case that they will in fact yield greater efficiency has not been made or the groundwork needed to realize those benefits has not been laid or suf ficient attention given to the fact that technological approaches alone cannot solve so cietal problems (see Section 3.1.4, "Proper Roles for Technologies in Addressing Societal Problems")
From page 79...
... Sources of Ethical Challenges and Societal Concerns 79
From page 81...
... Sources of Ethical Challenges and Societal Concerns 81
From page 83...
... Systems that work at a small scale may not work at a large scale as Twitter learned that the hard way during the 2010 World Cup when the increase in tweets per second led to short periods of unavailability.110 Such experiences point to the conflicts between moving quickly in a competitive environment and following good engineering practice. For computing researchers, two key issues are how to create experimental frameworks that facilitate safe staged deployment and how to teach researchers to accept a slower pace to their impact in service of greater care in avoiding unintended consequences.
From page 85...
... For example, content creators have sought to understand the recommender systems that allocate attention online, in order to optimize the visibility of their content. This interplay is described at length in Bucher.114 Some argue that the tendency of social media companies to promote highly engaging, potentially divisive content has been operationalized by extremists in order to advance their economic and political interests, with deleterious effects on democratic public cultures.115 In addition, in recent years computing researchers have had to pay attention not only to strategic behavior by users, but to strategic behavior by competing computing systems, such as generative adversarial networks, whose role is to learn the behavior of a computing system and then confound it.
From page 87...
... The governance challenges in such circumstances are not the direct responsibility of computing researchers but they do create opportunities for computing researchers to engage with government agencies, private-sector institutions, and civil society to help develop or enhance governance principles and frameworks. 3.4 SYSTEM ROBUSTNESS In computing R&D, some ethical dilemmas and problematic societal impact are dif ficult to predict.
From page 89...
... Sources of Ethical Challenges and Societal Concerns 89
From page 91...
... Crosas, 2021, "A Large-Scale Study on Research Code Quality and Execution," arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12793. Sources of Ethical Challenges and Societal Concerns 91


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