Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 9-21
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From page 9... ...
9 2.1 Overview This research effort involved three core activities: a review of the existing literature, phone surveys conducted with 18 North American transit agencies, and follow-up communications with those transit agencies as needed to develop in-depth case studies on their approaches to measuring and managing fare evasion. The research team's literature review assessed a wide range of academic and agency materials on the topics of fare collection and enforcement, including the following TCRP reports: • TCRP Synthesis 26: Bus Transit Fare Collection Practices (Stern 1997)
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10 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion current and planned fare system designs. The team sought diversity in transit agency experience on the basis of the following criteria: • Gated and proof-of-payment fare enforcement, • Onboard and off-board fare collection, • Size and geography, and • Specific approaches to fare enforcement.
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Research Approach 11 current fare system. They have gated systems or require proof of payment or both.
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12 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion • Nonporous stations are generally subterranean (e.g., subway) , elevated, or in a protected right-of-way (e.g., in the median of a highway)
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Research Approach 13 In the following sections, specific characteristics of the 18 surveyed agencies are summarized and presented in tables for ease of comparison. In Chapter 3, "Findings and Applications," these topics are discussed in more detail, along with related literature.
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14 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion Fare Enforcement Type Agency and Location Bus BRT/ Rapid Bus Streetcar Heavy/Medium Capacity/ Light Rail Commuter Rail/ Hybrid Rail Ferry/ Water Taxi Porous Nonporous BART (San Francisco Bay Area, CA) Gated with POP King County Metro (Seattle, WA)
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Research Approach 15 proof-of-payment systems. LA Metro has a variety of fare enforcement types for its BRT and rapid bus services, depending on the route.
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16 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion still swipe their pass or show proof of payment at the time of boarding. Sun Metro is included in this study because its decision to have BRT operators verify fares on board illustrates some of the reasons that an agency may choose to reverse course on proof-of-payment inspection.
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Research Approach 17 agencies surveyed that noted a focus on inspecting fares of passengers alighting the vehicle, also known as "offboarding inspections." Unlike TriMet, MTA's SBS does not have an off-board, fare-paid area, and the agency noted the difficulty of writing citations on board while a bus is moving. 2.2.3 Fare Enforcement Personnel Among the agencies surveyed, fare enforcement is typically conducted by sworn peace officers or civilian personnel who have the authority to inspect fares and issue citations or violations.
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18 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion Sworn peace officers who conduct fare enforcement are most commonly members of the transit police department. The sworn officers are often unable to request proof of payment unless they have reasonable suspicion that an individual evaded fare (i.e., they observed an individual doing so)
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Research Approach 19 have zero-tolerance policies (BART, TTC) also have the option for discretion, depending on the type of personnel or circumstances.
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20 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion 2.2.5 Classification of Fare Evasion Violations Fare evasion may be considered a criminal, civil, or administrative violation, depending on codes or ordinances, or both, approved at the state/provincial, local municipal/county, or transit agency governing board levels: • Criminal: When charged as a criminal violation, fare evasion may be classified as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. A misdemeanor can result in the offense becoming part of a criminal record and can possibly lead to imprisonment.
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From page 21... ...
Research Approach 21 Of the agencies surveyed, the majority have decriminalized fare evasion and issue civil or administrative citations. There are also several agencies in California (BART, LA Metro, SFMTA)
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