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From page 644... ... 644 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-3 Intrepid -- Long-Range Lunar Rover Scientific Objectives as Studied Evolution of the Lunar Interior and Nature of the Procellarum KREEP Terrane: Determine the cause of extended volcanism in the Procellarum region Determine the cause of the lunar crustal asymmetry Test hypotheses for the origin of non-basaltic volcanism Determine the composition of deep mantle pyroclastic deposits Determine decline of core dynamo and magnetic field over time Diversity of Styles of Magmatism: Characterize flood basalt emplacement, rilles, flows, and vents Determine origin and composition of cones, domes, and shields Characterize pyroclastic volcanism processes: composition and physical state Determine the relationship between intrusive and effusive materials Post-Emplacement Modification of Magmatic Materials: Test hypotheses of impact crater formation, ballistic sedimentation, ray formation Determine target material influence on impact crater formation Determine the causes of magnetic anomalies, swirls, and space weathering Key Features Key Challenges Rover (4-yr life) Availability of NGRTG Mod 2 in time for mission Payload: (8 instruments + retroreflector) Read the entire page →
From page 645... ... APPENDIX C 645 BOX C-4 Endurance-A, South Pole–Aitken Basin Sample Collecting Rover (Astronaut Return) Scientific Objectives as Studied Solar System Chronology: Anchor the earliest impact history of the solar system by determin ing the age of the largest and oldest impact basin on the Moon, the South Pole–Aitken basin Test the giant planet instability, impact cataclysm, and late heavy bombardment hypothesis by determining when large far side lunar impact basins formed Anchor the "middle ages" of solar system chronology (between 1 and 4 billion years ago) Read the entire page →
From page 646... ... 646 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-5 Endurance-R -- South Pole–Aitken Basin Sample Collecting Rover (Robotic Return) Scientific Objectives as Studied Solar System Chronology: Anchor the earliest impact history of the solar system by determin ing the age of the largest and oldest impact structure on the Moon: South Pole–Aitken basin Test the giant planet instability, impact cataclysm, and late heavy bombardment hypotheses by determining when large far side lunar impact basins formed Anchor the "middle ages" of solar system chronology (between 1 and 4 billion years ago) Read the entire page →
From page 647... ... APPENDIX C 647 BOX C-6 INSPIRE, Lunar Polar Volatiles Rover Scientific Objectives as Studied Origins: Determine the origins of volatiles in the inner solar system Determine the abundance and distribution of lunar volatiles including water by measuring sulfur-bearing molecules, isotopic ratios, carbon based molecules, and D/H ratios Use volatile distributions (lateral and vertical) and the physical form of volatiles to distinguish between sources including early outgassing, asteroid impacts, comet impacts, solar wind–regolith interactions, and ongoing small meteoroid bombardment Ages: Evaluate the timescales of volatile delivery in the inner solar system Determine the age of lunar volatiles by measuring the form and distribution and comparing with past and present-day environmental conditions Evolution: Assess how volatiles evolve on solar system airless bodies Determine how lunar volatiles have evolved over time by measuring the distribution of volatiles and correlating with environmental factors and geological context Key Features Key Challenges Rover (3-yr life) Read the entire page →
From page 648... ... 648 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-7 Mars In Situ Geochronology Scientific Objectives as Studied Determine the chronology of basin-forming impacts to constrain the time period of heavy bombardment in the inner solar system and thus address fundamental questions related to inner solar system impact processes and chronology Reduce the uncertainty for inner solar system chronology in the "middle ages" (1–3 Ga) to improve models for planetary evolution, including volcanism, volatiles, and habitability Establish the history of habitability across the solar system Calibrate the body-specific chronology for Mars Mars In-Situ Geochronology Lander in its Aeroshell Key Features Key Challenges Lander (40-mo life: 27.5-mo cruise, 11-mo data collection, 1.5-mo Lander mass increase impact on design of the entry, descent, and data downlink) Read the entire page →
From page 649... ... APPENDIX C 649 BOX C-8 Mars Life Explorer Scientific Objectives as Studied Search for organic molecules, non-equilibrium gases, and isotopes associated with ice and regolith, and evaluate their possible biological origin Assess the habitability of the near-subsurface environment with respect to required elements to support microbial life, microbial energy sources, and compounds toxic to microbes Quantify the down borehole thermophysical properties of the ice/ ice-cemented regolith and any role for liquid water in its creation or modification Determine the processes that preserve/modify/destroy these ice Mars Life Explorer with Drill Deployed deposits in the modern climate Key Features Key Challenges Lander (34-mo life: 10-mo cruise, 3-mo sample, 21-mo meteorology Challenge accessing near-surface ice with lander accuracy and drill only) mobility Science Payload: Biosignature Detection Suite (DRaMS w/EGA + Mini-TLS) Read the entire page →
From page 650... ... 650 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-9 Ceres Sample Return Scientific Objectives as Studied Test if extrusion from a brine-rich mantle occurred during Ceres's recent history Test if endogenic activity is ongoing at Occator crater Determine the depth of liquid water below Occator crater Characterize Ceres's deep brine environment at Occator crater Characterize the evolution of organic matter in long-lived brines Ceres Orbiter/Lander – Landed Configuration Determine Ceres's accretional environment Key Features Key Challenges Hybrid Orbiter/Lander (13.5-yr life, 6.3-yr outbound cruise, 1.4-yr New use of large ROSA for hybrid orbiter/lander mission orbital mission, 3-wk landed mission, 5.75-yr inbound cruise) Payload: Lack of definition for sample handling and preservation Narrow Angle Camera: Imaging at pixel scale of 1 m from 100 km altitude; includes image compression Uncertainty in sample collection requirements and approach Magnetotelluric Sounder: Determines depth-dependent e lectrical conductivity of the subsurface from frequency-dependent mag- Lack of definition for surface energy generation and usage netic and electric fields Infrared Point Spectrometer: Miniature spectrometer covering Technical Risk Rating 2–4 micron range Sampling System: PlanetVac sample collector, sample transfer Medium: Medium new development, adequate to optimistic margins, system and/or medium risk of achieving major mission objectives as proposed Flight System: 3× NEXT thruster electric propulsion, Hydra zine propellant system, powered by 95 m2 roll-out solar array (ROSA) Read the entire page →

From page 644...

... 644 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-3 Intrepid -- Long-Range Lunar Rover Scientific Objectives as Studied Evolution of the Lunar Interior and Nature of the Procellarum KREEP Terrane: Determine the cause of extended volcanism in the Procellarum region Determine the cause of the lunar crustal asymmetry Test hypotheses for the origin of non-basaltic volcanism Determine the composition of deep mantle pyroclastic deposits Determine decline of core dynamo and magnetic field over time Diversity of Styles of Magmatism: Characterize flood basalt emplacement, rilles, flows, and vents Determine origin and composition of cones, domes, and shields Characterize pyroclastic volcanism processes: composition and physical state Determine the relationship between intrusive and effusive materials Post-Emplacement Modification of Magmatic Materials: Test hypotheses of impact crater formation, ballistic sedimentation, ray formation Determine target material influence on impact crater formation Determine the causes of magnetic anomalies, swirls, and space weathering Key Features Key Challenges Rover (4-yr life) Availability of NGRTG Mod 2 in time for mission Payload: (8 instruments + retroreflector)

Read the entire page →

From page 645...

... APPENDIX C 645 BOX C-4 Endurance-A, South Pole–Aitken Basin Sample Collecting Rover (Astronaut Return) Scientific Objectives as Studied Solar System Chronology: Anchor the earliest impact history of the solar system by determin ing the age of the largest and oldest impact basin on the Moon, the South Pole–Aitken basin Test the giant planet instability, impact cataclysm, and late heavy bombardment hypothesis by determining when large far side lunar impact basins formed Anchor the "middle ages" of solar system chronology (between 1 and 4 billion years ago)

Read the entire page →

From page 646...

... 646 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-5 Endurance-R -- South Pole–Aitken Basin Sample Collecting Rover (Robotic Return) Scientific Objectives as Studied Solar System Chronology: Anchor the earliest impact history of the solar system by determin ing the age of the largest and oldest impact structure on the Moon: South Pole–Aitken basin Test the giant planet instability, impact cataclysm, and late heavy bombardment hypotheses by determining when large far side lunar impact basins formed Anchor the "middle ages" of solar system chronology (between 1 and 4 billion years ago)

Read the entire page →

From page 647...

... APPENDIX C 647 BOX C-6 INSPIRE, Lunar Polar Volatiles Rover Scientific Objectives as Studied Origins: Determine the origins of volatiles in the inner solar system Determine the abundance and distribution of lunar volatiles including water by measuring sulfur-bearing molecules, isotopic ratios, carbon based molecules, and D/H ratios Use volatile distributions (lateral and vertical) and the physical form of volatiles to distinguish between sources including early outgassing, asteroid impacts, comet impacts, solar wind–regolith interactions, and ongoing small meteoroid bombardment Ages: Evaluate the timescales of volatile delivery in the inner solar system Determine the age of lunar volatiles by measuring the form and distribution and comparing with past and present-day environmental conditions Evolution: Assess how volatiles evolve on solar system airless bodies Determine how lunar volatiles have evolved over time by measuring the distribution of volatiles and correlating with environmental factors and geological context Key Features Key Challenges Rover (3-yr life)

Read the entire page →

From page 648...

... 648 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-7 Mars In Situ Geochronology Scientific Objectives as Studied Determine the chronology of basin-forming impacts to constrain the time period of heavy bombardment in the inner solar system and thus address fundamental questions related to inner solar system impact processes and chronology Reduce the uncertainty for inner solar system chronology in the "middle ages" (1–3 Ga) to improve models for planetary evolution, including volcanism, volatiles, and habitability Establish the history of habitability across the solar system Calibrate the body-specific chronology for Mars Mars In-Situ Geochronology Lander in its Aeroshell Key Features Key Challenges Lander (40-mo life: 27.5-mo cruise, 11-mo data collection, 1.5-mo Lander mass increase impact on design of the entry, descent, and data downlink)

Read the entire page →

From page 649...

... APPENDIX C 649 BOX C-8 Mars Life Explorer Scientific Objectives as Studied Search for organic molecules, non-equilibrium gases, and isotopes associated with ice and regolith, and evaluate their possible biological origin Assess the habitability of the near-subsurface environment with respect to required elements to support microbial life, microbial energy sources, and compounds toxic to microbes Quantify the down borehole thermophysical properties of the ice/ ice-cemented regolith and any role for liquid water in its creation or modification Determine the processes that preserve/modify/destroy these ice Mars Life Explorer with Drill Deployed deposits in the modern climate Key Features Key Challenges Lander (34-mo life: 10-mo cruise, 3-mo sample, 21-mo meteorology Challenge accessing near-surface ice with lander accuracy and drill only) mobility Science Payload: Biosignature Detection Suite (DRaMS w/EGA + Mini-TLS)

Read the entire page →

From page 650...

... 650 ORIGINS, WORLDS, AND LIFE BOX C-9 Ceres Sample Return Scientific Objectives as Studied Test if extrusion from a brine-rich mantle occurred during Ceres's recent history Test if endogenic activity is ongoing at Occator crater Determine the depth of liquid water below Occator crater Characterize Ceres's deep brine environment at Occator crater Characterize the evolution of organic matter in long-lived brines Ceres Orbiter/Lander – Landed Configuration Determine Ceres's accretional environment Key Features Key Challenges Hybrid Orbiter/Lander (13.5-yr life, 6.3-yr outbound cruise, 1.4-yr New use of large ROSA for hybrid orbiter/lander mission orbital mission, 3-wk landed mission, 5.75-yr inbound cruise) Payload: Lack of definition for sample handling and preservation Narrow Angle Camera: Imaging at pixel scale of 1 m from 100 km altitude; includes image compression Uncertainty in sample collection requirements and approach Magnetotelluric Sounder: Determines depth-dependent e lectrical conductivity of the subsurface from frequency-dependent mag- Lack of definition for surface energy generation and usage netic and electric fields Infrared Point Spectrometer: Miniature spectrometer covering Technical Risk Rating 2–4 micron range Sampling System: PlanetVac sample collector, sample transfer Medium: Medium new development, adequate to optimistic margins, system and/or medium risk of achieving major mission objectives as proposed Flight System: 3× NEXT thruster electric propulsion, Hydra zine propellant system, powered by 95 m2 roll-out solar array (ROSA)

Read the entire page →

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