Convergent Manufacturing: A Future of Additive, Subtractive, and Transformative Manufacturing Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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4 System and Supply Chain: Looking Beyond Industry 4.0
4 System and Supply Chain: Looking Beyond Industry 4.0
Pages 48-68
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From page 48... ...
2 The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery of electricity and assembly line production. 3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by the application of information and com munication technologies to industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0." It builds on the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution that began in the 1970s in the 20th century through partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers.
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From page 49... ...
To achieve this state, he advocated for manufacturing convergence driven by problems at system-of-systems levels. He stressed the value of thinking spherically to extend beyond Industry 4.0 and championed the convergence of length scales, heterogeneous materials, and top-down and bottom-up processes in one platform to augment soldiers' functionality for the future of combat and to reduce dependency on supply chains for critical materials and applications at the point of need.
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From page 50... ...
Noting that there are ~67 quadrillion BTUs of waste heat from energy production to energy utilization, he mentioned additional opportunities for recovering waste heat and increasing efficiency of processes, both of which are connected to manufacturing. Love explained that the 20th century energy landscape emphasized scaling through consolidation.
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From page 51... ...
He referenced Uber, the world's largest taxi company that does not own any vehicles, as an example of how to democratize an industry with an innovative business model.5 Hence, he returned to his key question: what if we could democratize energy? If every car produces a few hundred kilowatts of energy, but the cars are only used for a small portion of the day, what if those cars could be portable energy sources and connected to the grid instead of only being used for mobility?
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From page 52... ...
He commented on the importance of building business models around the local ecosystem. Kurfess observed that many small enterprises are integrated appropriately with a secure digital thread to ad dress similar challenges.
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From page 53... ...
competitiveness by accelerating and transitioning innovation. It engages both vertically within a supply chain and horizontally to identify and fill gaps by adopting and adapting technology from one industry to the next.
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From page 54... ...
designed with topology optimization at different scales, from the microscale, to the mesoscale, to the macroscale. The part has different microstructures that transition in a functionally graded fashion to a face-x microstructure (see Sanders et al., 2021)
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From page 55... ...
higher tensile stiffness in the x3 direction tend sign and manufacture two additional structures at a larger scale: a toward the tension/compression regions farthest from the neutral hyperbolic paraboloid canopy structure and an Eiffel Tower–inaxis of the beam, and more isotropic microstructural materials that spired structure. Although we are limited by the printer's display are also stiffer in shearNancy(in the xCurrie-Gregg, 2 − x3 plane)
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From page 56... ...
Paulino noted that exploring the capabilities of well-combined, topology-optimized de sign and additive manufacturing enables unprecedented innovation. For example, when topology optimization was used in the design of the Airbus A380, savings of
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From page 57... ...
Paulino replied that controlling microstructure by means of geometry and porosity creates material representations with different functionalities and properties. If the geometry is explored further at different scales, unique multifunctional material properties could emerge.
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From page 58... ...
It is also important for companies to be clear about what they will and will not share instead of identifying everything as intellectual property, which leads to broken workflows and supply chains and creates challenges at the point of need. Strama added that to be successful in designing parts at the point of need, where equipment and resources are limited, constant collaboration with subject matter experts is critical.
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From page 59... ...
She has observed bipartisan interest in investing in infra structure as well as in science and critical technologies, and although most agencies are siloed, technology and large investment decisions would be crosscutting. Thus, the moonshot is to create the intellectual foundation, data, and analytical tools to support the government in designing critical technology, supply chain, and infrastructure strategies that help ensure technology leadership and product access to protect the nation's objectives for security, prosperity, and social welfare.
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From page 60... ...
. She said that it is crucial to develop a forward looking strategy -- matching techno-economic tools with supply chain analytics and machine learning and natural language processing -- that invests in the innova tion that will allow the United States to lead in the future.
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From page 61... ...
However, he pointed out that there are also real effects. For example, the world's first cell phones required ~35 elements while, five decades later, modern cell phones require ~70 elements; as more elements are used in everadvancing technologies, more materials are considered essential, and their supply chains may be subject to risk.
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From page 62... ...
Melkote also outlined key knowledge and capability gaps for convergent manu facturing platforms: capability to predict convergent/hybrid process performance (i.e., multiphysics interactions at different length and time scales during process ing as well as process-structure-property relationships) ; process planning tools for convergent/hybrid processes; leverage of sensing and control algorithms for process autonomy; knowledge of potential product performance for substitute and recycled materials; and a secure digital thread to enable the supply of information and knowledge at the point of need.
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From page 63... ...
Fuchs described three capability categories for tools: (1) increasing real-time situational awareness (i.e., machine learning and natural language processing will not reveal which critical technology would help, but they would help identify Tier 2 and Tier 3 suppliers not visible in the supply chain)
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From page 64... ...
King suggested reducing risk by reducing the number of supply chains that have to be managed for any manufacturing process, perhaps by half. Melkote noted that machine learning, AI, and digital twin capabilities could address the design-to-manufacturing translation problem.
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From page 65... ...
Medina presented a question about space mining for critical materials that could be used on Earth. Vickers explained that the materials would have to be incredibly valuable to engage in such a difficult process with such a long, complex supply chain.
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From page 66... ...
He indicated that the questions raised throughout the workshop about the future of conver gent manufacturing are important for the U.S. economy; it is critical to evaluate manufacturing operations, determine how to create a more resilient supply chain, and leverage the defense and civilian industry and workforce to develop a strong manufacturing ecosystem.
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From page 67... ...
2011. Critical Materials Strategy.
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