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Triangulation in Environmental Epidemiology for EPA Human Health Assessments Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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5 Next Steps and Opportunities for Applying Triangulation
Pages 25-31

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Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 25...
... To address these challenges, IARC identified the 10 KCs of carcinogens and later developed an evaluation approach based on the KCs. In this approach, the KCs of human carcinogens form a uniform basis for assembling and evaluating relevant mechanistic evidence to support cancer hazard identification.
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From page 26...
... Efforts are under way to apply the KCs to the 19 toxicological traits noted in legislation in California. KC applications can facilitate systematic reviews of mechanistic data and identify data gaps.
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From page 27...
... Creation of the Navigation Guide coincided with an upswell in interest in environmental health systematic reviews because their transparency, consistency, and evidence evaluation were shown to improve the basis of decision-making. Multiple National Academies' reports and reviews5 have discussed systematic review approaches, including those of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
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From page 28...
... Woodruff advocated for a focus on improving or clarifying systematic review methods to address the issues identified and discussed during this workshop. She also endorsed upgrading observational studies, to ensure that they are appropriately valued and used in evidence reviews.
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From page 29...
... Bero addressed myths about Cochrane reviews, including that they are limited to RCTs. Instead, the reviews use abundant types of studies besides RCTs and conduct different types of systematic reviews, including living systematic reviews, overview reviews, and rapid reviews, among others.
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From page 30...
... Woodruff concurred that exposure assessments must improve, referencing systematic reviews for air pollution and autism, which incorporated data on air toxins or criteria air pollutants. She noted that some exposure misclassification biases toward the null, a consideration that might help to inform evaluations.
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From page 31...
... These and other quantitative approaches enable the exploration of alternative scenarios that might influence overall findings and can be incorporated into protocols as researchers learn more.
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Key Terms

  • systematic review
  • systematic reviews
  • mechanistic data
  • human studies
  • bias tools

  • evidence synthesis
  • human carcinogens
  • key events
  • review methods
  • clinical medicine

  • observational human
  • evidence evaluation
  • iris handbook
  • hazard identification
  • exposure assessments

  • expert judgment
  • contact tracing
  • digital solutions
  • evidence integration
  • evaluating mechanistic

  • cancer hazard
  • iris program
  • studies based
  • current risk
  • exposure assessment

  • review approaches
  • integrated risk
  • hazard evaluations
  • observational studies
  • hill considerations


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