Triangulation in Environmental Epidemiology for EPA Human Health Assessments Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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2 Triangulation: Background, Methodologies, and Applications
2 Triangulation: Background, Methodologies, and Applications
Pages 4-8
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From page 4... ...
that was in turn referenced by other speakers. Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania referred to the paper as "a welcome clarification of the potential utility of an older idea as it applies to etiological epidemiology," and "a nice contribution toward formalization of triangulation as a useful tool for evidence evaluation and knowledge integration." Neil Pearce of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine echoed this sentiment, welcoming efforts to make triangulation more explicit to bolster existing causal inference approaches.
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From page 5... ...
Across-study triangulation may rely on slightly different research questions, while within-study triangulation may use multiple approaches to answer the same question. Regarding the latter, Tchetgen Tchetgen advocated for a robust causal identification method to examine the study parameter of interest using multiple causal models that enable inference if one of the identifying strategies holds true.
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From page 6... ...
"Triangulation is more involved in comparing different sets of data with different assumptions or biases, whereas sensitivity analysis works with one set of data to vary assumptions," he said. Tchetgen Tchetgen described triangulation as a method that entails making varied assumptions to deliver robust inferences.
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From page 7... ...
Pearce likened a formalization of triangulation to turning around a ship and suggested several future focus areas: developing a methodology for triangulation (also cited by Lawlor and Tchetgen Tchetgen) ; returning to thinking about epidemiology as studying populations -- citing smokers, healthy eaters, and exercisers as distinct populations, for example; prioritizing international comparisons rather than narrowly focusing studies; and educating committees about triangulation and the importance of generating evidence from a variety of approaches.
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From page 8... ...
Although the increased transparency will likely be helpful, this process could slow the pace of research, and, by extension, triangulation work, because registering and publishing data and methodologies should be done within each individual cohort, in each triangulation framework and protocol, and with trust that no one would exclude studies or data that are complex or have limitations, she said. A similar development is the increasingly common practice of journals requiring published metaanalyses to facilitate risk of bias appraisals.
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