Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving (2022) / Chapter Skim
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7 Chapter 2. Distraction as It Relates to Infrastructure Elements Driver distraction has commonly been applied to scenarios where a driver physically engages in some activity, such as texting, that can divert his or her attention from the driving task.
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8 Olson (2007) define eyes-off-road time as the sum of all time associated with glances not directed toward the road plus the transition time from eyes-off-road events.
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9 Source: Victor et al.
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10 The fourth edition of the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC-4) , published by NHTSA in 2012, defines external distractions as "driver distractions that occur outside the vehicle, such as a crash in the next lane or on the other side of the median, automated highway signs, interesting objects in the sky, fire off the roadway, etc." Separately, MMUCC-4 defines an outside-the-vehicle distraction as an event where "the driver was distracted by something outside the vehicle such as birds or other animals or a roadside fire.
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11 02 Manually operating (texting, dialing, playing game, etc.) 03 Other action (looking away from task, etc.)
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12 In Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, Horberry and Edquist (2009) defined a taxonomy of visual information in or near the roadway environment that may cause distraction.
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13 Source: Copyright ©2007 K Krallis, User:Sv1xv, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license Figure 2.
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14 restrict or limit those infrastructure elements. As a result, the focus can be further narrowed to objects that reside within the roadway or on the roadside that a roadway agency is responsible for or is likely to be able to address through policy.
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15 control measures such as lane position, standard deviation of lane position, and lane excursions have been shown to have a relationship with distraction and have been used as surrogate measures (Green et al 2004, Ka et al.
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16 • Glances toward specific infrastructure element (when infrastructure elements can be differentiated from forward roadway scene) : o Number of glances: Total number of glances to each element.
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