Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 101-132
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101 A P P E N D I X B Agency Survey Responses
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102 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Responding Agency State Code Alabama DOT AL Arizona DOT AZ Arkansas DOT AR California DOT CA Colorado DOT CO Connecticut DOT CT Delaware DOT DE Florida DOT FL Idaho Transportation Department ID Illinois DOT IL Indiana DOT IN Iowa DOT IA Kansas DOT KS Louisiana DOTD LA Maine DOT ME Maryland DOT MD Massachusetts DOT MA Michigan DOT MI Minnesota DOT MN Mississippi DOT MS Missouri DOT MO Montana DOT MT Nebraska DOT NE Nevada DOT NV New Jersey DOT NJ New Mexico DOT NM New York DOT NY North Carolina DOT NC North Dakota DOT ND Oklahoma DOT OK Oregon DOT OR Pennsylvania DOT PA South Carolina DOT SC South Dakota DOT SD Tennessee DOT TN Texas DOT TX Utah DOT UT Virginia DOT VA Washington State DOT WA Wisconsin DOT WI Wyoming DOT WY
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Agency Survey Responses 103 Q1 – Does your agency currently use subsurface drainage systems? If not currently used, please indicate why.
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104 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q2 – Please indicate all locations/conditions where subsurface drainage systems are installed. State During all new concrete pavement construction During all new asphalt pavement construction Only when usage meets established criteria In all sag locations In all cut/fill transitions Only on full-depth widening adjacent to roadway with existing subsurface drainage Decision to incorporate is pending Other Totals 8 8 19 8 2 4 1 12 AL ü AR ü ü CA ü ü ü ü ü ü CO ü CT ü DE ü FL ü ü ID ü IL ü IN ü ü IA ü ü ü KS ü LA ü ME ü ü MD ü ü MA ü MI ü ü MN ü MS MO ü MT ü NE ü ü NV ü NJ ü NY ü ü ü NC ü ü ü ND ü OK ü OR ü PA ü ü ü ü SC ü SD ü TN ü TX ü UT ü VA ü ü ü WA ü ü WI ü ü
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Agency Survey Responses 105 Q2 (Cont.) – Please indicate all locations/conditions where subsurface drainage systems are installed.
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106 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q3 – Please indicate how the need for subsurface drainage systems is assessed. State Overall surface drainage Climactic influences Highway geometrics Groundwater levels Soil types Proposed base materials Historical roadway distress Structural Capacity of Existing Pavement Potential impacts on adjacent wetlands Other Totals 24 11 29 30 26 18 31 6 7 4 AL ü ü AR ü ü ü ü ü CA ü ü ü ü ü ü ü CO ü ü ü ü CT ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü DE ü ü FL ü ü ü ü ü ü ID ü ü ü ü ü ü ü IL ü ü ü IN ü ü ü ü ü ü ü IA ü ü ü KS ü ü ü ü ü ü LA ü ü ü ü ME ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MD ü ü ü ü ü ü MA ü ü ü ü MI ü ü ü ü MN ü ü ü MS MO ü ü ü MT ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü NE ü ü ü ü NV ü ü ü ü ü ü ü NJ ü ü ü ü NY ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü NC ü ü ü ND ü ü ü OK ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü OR ü ü ü ü ü PA ü ü ü ü ü ü SC ü ü SD ü ü ü ü ü ü TN ü ü ü TX ü ü ü ü UT ü ü ü ü ü VA ü ü ü ü WA ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü WI ü ü ü ü Other: State Response KS Historically, unbound drainable base was considered under flexible pavements when the design lane daily ESALs exceeded 265.
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Agency Survey Responses 107 Q4 – Please indicate the method(s) used for subsurface drainage system design.
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108 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q5 – Please indicate the source(s) of water that subsurface drainage systems are used to intercept.
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Agency Survey Responses 109 Q6 – Please indicate the decision factor(s) used to incorporate subsurface drainage systems.
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110 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q7 – Please indicate how permeable base layer thickness is determined. State Permeable base layers are not used by our agency Determined based on infiltration computations Standardized at 100 mm Standardized at 150 mm Determined based on agency design standards for structural layer components Other Totals 12 2 9 5 14 5 AL ü AR ü CA ü CO ü CT ü DE ü FL ü ID ü IL ü IN ü ü IA ü ü KS ü ü ü LA ü ME MD ü MA ü MI ü ü MN ü MS MO ü ü ü MT ü NE ü ü ü NV ü NJ ü NY ü NC ü ND ü OK ü OR ü ü PA ü SC ü SD ü TN ü TX ü UT ü VA ü ü WA ü WI ü
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Agency Survey Responses 111 Q7 (Cont.) – Please indicate how permeable base layer thickness is determined.
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112 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q8 – Please indicate how permeable base layers are constructed. State Permeable base layers are not used by our agency Using unstabilized aggregates Using cementstabilized aggregates Using asphaltstabilized aggregates Previously using unstabilized aggregates, cement stabilization currently allowed or required Previously using unstabilized aggregates, asphalt stabilization currently allowed or required Previously using highly permeable aggregates, denser gradation currently specified Only within roadway shoulders Other Totals 13 20 8 15 1 4 4 0 3 AL ü ü AR ü CA ü ü ü ü ü CO ü CT ü DE ü ü ü ü FL ü ID ü ü IL ü IN ü ü ü IA ü ü KS ü LA ü ü ü ME ü ü MD ü MA ü MI ü ü MN ü ü MS MO ü ü ü MT ü NE ü ü NV ü ü ü NJ ü ü NY ü NC ü ü ND ü OK ü OR ü ü PA ü ü ü SC ü SD ü TN ü ü TX ü UT ü VA ü ü ü WA ü WI ü ü
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Agency Survey Responses 113 Q8 (Cont.) – Please indicate how permeable base layers are constructed.
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114 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q9 – Please indicate how the permeability of permeable base layers is established. State Permeable base layers are not used Using moderately permeable gradations Using highly permeable gradations Previously with highly permeable aggregate gradation, now with denser gradation with moderate to low permeability With no specifications for in-place hydraulic conductivity With inplace hydraulic conductivity specified at >100 ft/day With in-place hydraulic conductivity specified at >500 ft/day With in-place hydraulic conductivity specified at >1,000 ft/day With in-place hydraulic conductivity determined based on time to 50% drainage With in-place hydraulic conductivity determined based on time to 85% drainage Other Totals 12 8 7 5 17 0 0 2 1 0 3 AL ü AR ü CA ü CO ü CT ü DE FL ü ID ü IL ü IN ü ü ü IA ü ü ü KS ü ü LA ü ME ü ü MD ü ü MA ü MI ü MN ü ü ü ü MS MO ü ü MT ü NE ü ü NV ü ü NJ ü NY ü NC ü ND ü OK ü OR ü ü PA ü ü ü SC ü SD ü TN ü TX ü UT ü VA ü ü WA ü WI ü ü ü Other: State Response ME Permeable base layers are part of a porous pavement design.
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Agency Survey Responses 115 Q10 – Please indicate how water collected by the permeable base layers is transmitted away from the pavement. State Permeable base layers are not used Underlying geotextile or wicking geotextile daylighted to side slope Longitudinal edge drains Transverse outlets Other With porous aggregate backfill and slotted pipes With porous aggregate backfill and preformed geocomposite edge drain Preformed geocomposite with no porous aggregate backfill With concrete headwalls spaced at intervals up to 250 ft With concrete headwalls spaced at intervals >250 ft With unprotected pipe ends spaced at intervals up to 250 ft With unprotected pipe ends spaced at intervals >250 ft Totals 9 12 28 7 3 9 10 3 1 4 AL ü ü AR ü ü CA ü ü ü CO ü ü ü CT ü DE ü ü FL ü ID ü ü IL ü ü ü IN ü ü IA ü ü KS ü LA ü ü ü ME ü ü ü MD ü ü ü MA ü ü MI ü ü ü MN ü ü MS MO ü ü MT ü ü ü ü NE ü ü ü NV ü ü ü ü ü NJ ü ü ü NY ü ü ü ü NC ü ü ND ü OK ü ü OR ü ü ü PA ü ü ü SC ü SD ü ü TN ü TX ü ü UT ü ü ü VA ü ü ü WA ü WI ü
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116 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q10 (Cont.) – Please indicate how water collected by the permeable base layers is transmitted away from the pavement.
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Agency Survey Responses 117 Q11 – Please indicate the method(s) used to increase stability of the permeable layer during construction.
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118 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q12 – Please indicate the method(s) used to protect the permeable layer from contamination during construction.
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Agency Survey Responses 119 Q13 – Please indicate the method(s) used to prevent clogging of the permeable base layer during service.
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120 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q14 – Please indicate the method(s) used to install longitudinal edge drains to drain water away or to lower the water table.
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Agency Survey Responses 121 Q15 – Please indicate if performance studies of drained pavements have been conducted. State Have not been conducted Have been conducted and published reports are available Have been conducted and published reports are not yet available Have been conducted and utilized to establish life expectancies Have been conducted and utilized to establish design costs Have been conducted and utilized to establish construction costs Have been conducted and utilized to establish maintenance costs Other Totals 27 8 0 2 1 0 0 0 AL ü AR ü CA ü ü CO ü CT ü DE ü FL ü ID ü IL ü IN ü IA ü KS ü LA ü ME ü MD ü MA ü MI ü MN ü MS MO ü MT ü NE ü NV ü ü NJ ü NY ü NC ü ND ü OK ü OR ü PA ü SC ü SD ü TN ü TX UT ü VA ü WA ü WI ü Additional Comments/Clarifications: State Response FL A performance life study was done in 2013 of all interstate concrete pavements, with the life of well-drained concrete pavements averaged separately.
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122 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q16 – Please indicate how the expected service lives of drained pavements compare to undrained pavements. State Compared to undrained asphalt pavement, drained asphalt pavements are: Compared to undrained concrete pavement, drained concrete pavements are: Other not expected to have a longer service life to first rehab expected to have a 1-10% longer service life to first rehab expected to have an 11-20% longer service life to first rehab expected to have a 21-30% longer service life to first rehab expected to have a >30% longer service life to first rehab not expected to have a longer service life to first rehab expected to have a 1-10% longer service life to first rehab expected to have an 11-20% longer service life to first rehab expected to have a 21-30% longer service life to first rehab expected to have a >30% longer service life to first rehab Totals 10 3 1 1 4 9 2 0 3 2 14 AL ü ü AR CA ü CO CT ü DE FL ID ü IL ü IN ü ü IA ü ü KS ü ü LA ü ME ü MD ü ü MA ü ü ü MI ü MN ü ü MS MO ü MT ü NE ü ü NV ü ü NJ ü ü NY ü ü NC ü ND OK OR ü PA ü SC ü ü SD ü TN ü ü TX ü ü ü UT ü ü VA ü WA ü ü WI ü
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Agency Survey Responses 123 Q16 (Cont.) – Please indicate how the expected service lives of drained pavements compare to undrained pavements.
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124 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q17 – Please indicate the method(s) used to monitor subsurface drainage components.
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Agency Survey Responses 125 Q17 (Cont.) – Please indicate the method(s)
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126 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q17 (Cont.) – Please indicate the method(s)
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Agency Survey Responses 127 Q18 – Please indicate the method(s) used to identify locations of transverse outlets.
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128 Subsurface Drainage Practices in Pavement Design, Construction, and Maintenance Q19 – Please indicate any problem(s) observed with subsurface drainage components.
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Agency Survey Responses 129 Q20 – Please indicate the method(s) used to evaluate the influence of subsurface drainage on the functional and structural capacity of the pavement system.
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Abbreviations and acronyms used without denitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
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Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED ISBN 978-0-309-68684-6 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 6 8 6 8 4 6 9 0 0 0 0
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